<p>Tenaya Canyon is a dramatic and dangerous canyon in Yosemite National Park, California, USA, that runs from the outlet of Tenaya Lake 10 miles down to Yosemite Valley, carrying water in Tenaya Creek through a series of spectacular cascades and pools and thence into a deep canyon below Cloud&#39;s Rest, a giant granite mountain adjacent to Half Dome. Waterfalls on the creek inside the canyon include Pywiack Cascade  and Three Chute Falls, near Mirror Lake.</p><br>
<p>The top of the canyon can be seen from Tioga Pass Road (Route 120), which goes through Tuolumne Meadows and Tioga Pass. From Olmsted Point (a roadside viewing area), Clouds Rest and Yosemite&#39;s signature Half Dome dominate the canyon. At the bottom of the canyon, in Yosemite Valley, lies Mirror Lake, accessible by shuttle bus and a short walk.</p><br>
<p>The canyon has no foot trail and is notoriously difficult to navigate, particularly in spring and summer when water levels are high. Signs warn against hiking in the canyon. The American Canyoneering Association gives Tenaya Canyon a rating of 3B V. The 3 is an "intermediate" rating on a scale of 1 to 4, with 4 most difficult; B is a measure of water volume on a scale of A to C; and the V indicates that the trip will take one and a half days.</p><br>
<p>The canyon has achieved notoriety because of a curse Chief Tenaya reportedly invoked in the 1850s as a result of the death of his son at the hands of a battalion intending to deport the natives of Yosemite Valley. Those who believe in the curse cite accidents, mysterious deaths, and disappearances. For example, in 1996, two hikers died in the canyon. Some park rangers have reportedly referred to Tenaya Canyon as the Bermuda Triangle of Yosemite.</p><br>
<p>Hiking the canyon involves dangerous exposure to heights, and even if there is minimal water in Tenaya Creek, mandatory swims, dangerous waterfalls, and cascades. Wet and slippery glacially polished granite adds to the likelihood of falling.</p><br>
<p>Anatahan is an island in the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and has one of the most active volcanoes of the archipelago. Formerly inhabited, the island currently does not have any population due to the always-present danger of volcanic eruptions. Anatahan is located 60 km northwest of Farallon de Medinilla and 120 km north of Saipan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Anatahan is roughly elliptical in shape, with a length of 9 km and a width of 4 km and an area of 33.9 km&sup2;. The island is the summit of stratovolcano which reaches an altitude of 790 m above sea level at its highest peak.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is topped by a caldera, 2.3 km wide, which is divided into an eastern and western portion, with the eastern portion around 250 m lower than the western. Sparseness of vegetation in the most recent lava flows on Anatahan indicated that they were of Holocene age. In April 1990, the inhabitants of the western coast of the island were evacuated after earthquake swarms and active fumaroles indicated that an eruption might be imminent, but no eruption occurred at that time. Further earthquake swarm occurred in May 1992. The first historical eruption of Anatahan occurred in May 2003, when a large explosive eruption with a VEI of 4 took place forming a new crater inside the eastern caldera and causing an ash plume 12 km high which impaired air traffic to Saipan and Guam.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption was in 2007, and lasted until 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was first charted by Europeans in late October 1543 by Spanish explorer Bernardo de la Torre on board of the carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain. At the time, the island was settled by the Chamorros. In 1695, the natives were forcibly removed to Saipan, and three years later to Guam. Under Spanish rule, coconut plantations were developed for the production of copra. In 1884, an estimated 125 tons were exported.</p><br>
<p>Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the German Empire in 1899, Anatahan was administered as part of German New Guinea, however by May 1901 the island was reported as uninhabited. In 1902, the island was leased to a private firm, the Pagan Society, owned by a German and a Japanese partner, to further develop the coconut plantations. However, severe typhoons in September 1905 and September 1907 destroyed the plantations and bankrupted the company, although copra production continued on a smaller scale afterwards.</p><br>
<p>During World War I, Anatahan came under the control of the Empire of Japan and was administered as the South Pacific Mandate. In June 1944, 30 survivors of at least three Japanese shipwrecks reached Anatahan. After the surrender of Japan in World War II, the Americans evacuated two Japanese and 45 natives from the island, but the Japanese castaways refused to believe that the war had ended, and fled into the interior of the island as Japanese holdouts. By 1950, the holdouts were led by Kazuko Higa, who was the only woman left on the island. Higa lived with a harem of five men, but after eleven of the holdouts died under uncertain circumstances, the remainder surrendered in June 1951. The story of the holdouts was sensationalized as a lurid tale of sex and violent death by the mass media, and was portrayed in 1953 by Josef von Sternberg in his film The Saga of Anatahan. In 1954, one of the survivors, Michiro Maruyama, published a book, Anatahan Island of the Unfortunates, which attempted to refute the more lurid accusations. The story was revived in 1998 by Japanese author Kaoru Ohno as the novel Cage on the Sea, and in 2008 by Natsuo Kirino as the short story "Tokyo-jima", which became a film in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Following World War II, the island came under the control of the United States and was administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Since 1978, the island has been part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.</p><br>
<p>Lilla Essingen is a small island in central Stockholm, Sweden, next to the larger neighbouring island Stora Essingen.</p><br>
<p>Both Essingen islands (Essingeöarna) are mainly residential areas, the smaller densely packed with blocks of flats while the larger is scattered with villas. The Essingeleden motorway, part of the Europe-spanning E4, passing over both islands is named after them.</p><br>
<p>Bus route 1 (Stora Essingen - Frihamnen) stops at two places on Lilla Essingen, providing transport to central parts of town and connections to the underground network. Bus route 49 stops at five places, connecting the Essinge islands with Kristineberg and adjacent suburbs.</p><br>
<p>Bridges of Lilla Essingen:</p><br>
<p>From Kungsholmen:</p><br>
<p>Mariebergsbron</p><br>
<p>Fredhällsbron (part of the Essingeleden motorway.)</p><br>
<p>From Stora Essingen</p><br>
<p>Essingebron (two bridges, one part of Essingeleden.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lilla Essingen lies at the edge of what is generally considered central Stockholm, wedged in between Kungsholmen and the outer suburbs. Most of the island was initially an industrial area; at the time, most industrial transport was waterbound and thus the coastal plots were usually rimmed with industries. In 1908, the manufacturing facilities of Lux, a company manufacturing lamps for lighthouses, were moved to Lilla Essingen. The initial complex was composed of a workshop and an office building, the latter still present at the edge of the newly built flats. In 1912, the manufacturing was extended to include vacuum cleaners thanks to a contract with Axel Wenner-Gren. In 1919, the company was merged with AB Elektro-Mekaniska, creating today&#39;s Electrolux.</p><br>
<p>The facilities built on Lilla Essingen kept growing, and when the main workshop was destroyed by fire in 1936, the renovation included a lot of expansion. Quite a lot of ground was filled up on the edge of the water to allow for more construction.</p><br>
<p>A lot of Electroluxs main production facilities in Sweden was composed of the factory on Lilla Essingen. Almost the entire complex dating from the late 1930s was built in the by then modern architecture composed of a lot of red brick. A few of those facades are still present, incorporated in the modern architecture of today.</p><br>
<p>In the 90s, Electrolux stirred quite a bit of a debate when it filed a request to rebuild a lot of its industrial areas. Considering the immense changes in mechanics and industry since the 1940s, the workshops were obviously outdated. The Stockholm City Museum, however, had a special interest in the facilities on Lilla Essingen and required certain insight into the renovation of the area. At this point, Electrolux decided to completely remove its operations on the island and the facilities were bought by the estate development company JM, with the intent to construct apartment blocks.</p><br>
<p>Revere Beach Parkway is a historic parkway in the suburbs immediately north of Boston, Massachusetts. It begins at Wellington Circle in Medford, where the road leading to the west is the Mystic Valley Parkway, and the north-south road is the Fellsway, designated Route 28. The parkway proceeds east, ending at Eliot Circle, the junction of Revere Beach Boulevard and Winthrop Parkway in Revere. In between, the parkway passes through the towns of Everett and Chelsea. The parkway was built between 1896 and 1904 to provide access from interior communities to Revere Beach. It underwent two major periods of capacity expansion, in the 1930s and again in the 1950s. The parkway is designated as part of Route 16 west of Route 1A, and as part of Route 145 east of that point.</p><br>
<p>The route of the roadway, along with a number of specific features relating to its original period of construction and those of the later expansions up to 1957, was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Construction history</h2><br>
<p>Revere Beach Parkway was one of the first parkways proposed by landscape architect Charles Eliot, identified in an 1893 report to a predecessor of the Metropolitan District Commission. Work began in 1897, with the construction of a bridge across the railroad tracks of the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad, now the MBTA Blue Line right-of-way. Although this bridge was lengthened to cross State Road, the original 1899 northern bridge abutment survives.</p><br>
<p>Survey work was done in 1898 to identify the route through Chelsea and Everett. The Olmsted Brothers, who consulted on the parkway design, suggested its width be tailored to the cost required to take the land it ran over, resulting in a wider right-of-way in less expensive areas. By 1899 the entire route had been designed and land acquired, and the eastern section from Eliot Circle to Winthrop Avenue had been completed. When originally built, the parkway ran adjacent to Winthrop Street, but the two were merged during road widening in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Construction between Winthrop Avenue and Main Street in Everett took place between 1900 and 1901, but was complicated by the crossing of the Boston and Maine tracks just west of where Massachusetts Route 1A crosses the parkway. Apparently originally expected to be a grade crossing, in 1903 a pony truss bridge was built to span the tracks. This bridge is the oldest surviving bridge on the parkway.</p><br>
<p>The final section of the parkway, between Main Street in Everett and the Fellsway, was built between 1903 and 1905. This stretch included three significant bridges: two across railroad tracks, and one across the Malden River. The railroad bridges were of steel girder construction, and the Malden Street bridge was a drawbridge. The first of these bridges, across the B&M Saugus Branch line, is now used by the Poirer Memorial Roadway, and the parkway crosses the right of way on a modern six-lane bridge. The second, the Malden River drawbridge, is a double-leaf simple trunnion bridge built in 1954 to replace the earlier drawbridge. The drawbridge is no longer used, but the operator&#39;s house still survives. The third bridge, which now crosses the MBTA Orange Line as well as commuter rail lines, was replaced in 1956 with a modern six-lane bridge.</p><br>
<p>The roadway has been significantly altered over the years, principally widening to allow for increased traffic flow. There are two places where original alignments of the parkway remain. One is the Poirer Memorial Roadway, which is a westbound access road from Santilli Circle in Everett to the Sweetser Overpass. The other segment is now part of an access road in Revere on the north side of the parkway.</p><br>
<p>Shravasti  was a city of ancient India and one of the six largest cities in India during Gautama Buddha&#39;s lifetime. The city was located in the fertile Gangetic plains in the present-day district of the same name, Shravasti, that belongs to Devipatan Division of Uttar Pradesh near Balrampur, some 170 km north-east of Lucknow. Earlier, it was a part of the Bahraich district, but the latter was split due to administrative reasons.</p><br>
<p>Shravasti is located near the West Rapti River and is closely associated with the life of Gautama Buddha, who is believed to have spent 24 Chaturmases here. Age-old stupas, majestic viharas and several temples near the village of "Sahet-Mahet" establish Buddha&#39;s association with Shravasti. It is said that the Vedic period king, Shravasta, founded this town.</p><br>
<p>Shravasti was the capital of the Kosala Kingdom during 6th century BCE to 6th century CE. This prosperous trading centre was well known for its religious associations. Sobhanath temple is believed to be the birthplace of the Tirthankara Sambhavanath in Jainism, making Shravasti an important center for Jains as well. According to Nagarjuna, the city had a population of 900,000 in 5th century BCE and it even overshadowed Magadha&#39;s capital, Rajgir.</p><br>
<p>As mentioned in the Bruhatkalpa and various Kalpas of the fourteenth century, the name of the city was Mahid. There are subsequent mentions showing that the name of this city was Sahet-Mahet. It is also mentioned that a vast fort covered this city in which there were many temples with idols of Devkulikas.</p><br>
<p>Today a great rampart of earth and brick surrounds this city. During excavation in Sahet-Mahet near Shravasti City, many ancient idols and inscriptions were found. They are now kept in museums at Mathura and Lucknow. At present, the archaeological department of the Indian Government is excavating the site to perform allied research. Jetavana monastery was a famous monastery close to Shravasti.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>According to the Mahabharata, Shravasti is named after the legendary king Shravasta. According to Buddhist tradition, the city was called Savatthi because the sage Savattha lived there. As per the Ramayana, the king of Kosala, Rama, installed his son Lava at Shravasti and Kusha at Kushavati.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shravasti was located on the banks of the river Achiravati (now called the Rapti river). It was the capital city of the kingdom of Kosala, and its king was called Pasenadi, who was a disciple of Buddha. It is a beautiful city with vast amounts of agriculture and diversity. Buddhaghosa says that, in the Buddha&#39;s day, there were fifty-seven thousand families in Shravasti, and that it was the chief city in the country of Kasi Kosala, which was three hundred leagues in extent and had eighty thousand villages. He stated the population of Shravasti to have been 180 million(?). The road from Rajagaha to Shravasti passed through Vesali, and the Parayanavagga gives as the resting places between the two cities: Setavya, Kapilavatthu, Kusinara, Pava and Bhoganagara. Further on, there was a road running southwards from Shravasti through Saketa to Kosambi. Between Saketa and Shravasti was located Toranavatthu.</p><br>
<p>The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Shravasti. His first visit to Shravasti was at the invitation of Anathapindika, whom he met in Rajagaha. The main monasteries in Shravasti were the Jetavana and the Pubbarama. Shravasti also contained the monastery of Rajakarama, built by Pasenadi, opposite Jetavana. Not far from the city was a dark forest called the Andhavana, where some monks and nuns went to live. Outside the city gate of Shravasti was a fisherman&#39;s village of five hundred families.</p><br>
<p>The chief patrons of the Buddha in Shravasti were Anathapindika, Visakha, Suppavasa and Pasenadi. When Bandhula left Vesali, he came to live in Shravasti.</p><br>
<p>Woodward states that, of the four Nikayas, 871 suttas are said to have been preached in Shravasti; 844 of which are in Jetavana, 23 in the Pubbarama, and 4 in the suburbs of Shravasti. These suttas are made up of 6 in the Digha Nikaya, 75 in the Majjhima Nikaya, 736 in the Samyutta Nikaya, and 54 in the Anguttara Nikaya. The Commentaries state that the Buddha spent twenty-five rainy seasons in Shravasti, thus leaving only twenty to be spent elsewhere. Of the 25 rainy seasons which Buddha lived in Shravasti, he spent 19 in the monastery named Jetavana, and 6 in the monastery called Pubbarama. Thus, Shravasti is the place where Buddha lived the longest amount of time, and it is the place where he gave the largest amount of discourses and instructions.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese Pilgrim Xuanzang found the old city in ruins, but recorded the sites of various buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Shravasti today</h2><br>
<p>The ruins at Saheth and Maheth on the boundaries of the Gonda and Bahreich districts of Uttar Pradesh are believed to be the site of ancient Shravasti. Maheth was the city-proper while the Jetavana monastery was at Saheth.</p><br>
<p>Of the ancient Shravasti, the city walls are still standing. Within these, the remains of 3 ancient buildings can be visited: Angulimalas stupa, Anathapindikas stupa, and an old temple dedicated to a Jain Tirthankara. Outside of Shravasti is located the stupa where the Twin Miracle (Pali:) took place. The site of Jetavana monastery is the main pilgrim destination, with meditation and chanting mainly done at the Gandhakuti (Buddha&#39;s hut) and the Anandabodhi tree. Buddhist monasteries from the following countries have been constructed at Shravasti: Thailand, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tibet and China.</p><br>
<p>The Schauinsland , is a mountain in the Black Forest with an elevation of 1,284 m  above sea level. It is a popular destination for day trips. Due to the high amount of silver mining, it was previously known as “Erzkasten” ; the name “Schouwesland” first appeared in 1347. The mountain is located roughly ten kilometres south-east of Freiburg’s city centre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the Schauinsland is located in the district of Freiburg. The mountain is surrounded by towns such as Oberried, Munstertal, Bollschweil, and Horben (clockwise). The closest village to the summit is Hofsgrund. In Autumn especially, during a temperature inversion, there is a clear view of the Vosges mountains from the top of the Schauinsland. Under appropriate weather conditions there is a view of a large portion of the Swiss Alps.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, the Holzschlägermatte on the Schauinsland has been home to a number of very controversial wind turbines. Due to conservation issues (the summit of the Schauinsland is part of a nature reserve), they were constructed at an elevation of roughly 1,000 m above sea level instead of on the summit. Therefore, the view to and from the summit is only slightly restricted. During the lawsuit against the operating company, the Freiburg-based artist Richard Schindler wrote an expert report which is considered the first of its kind.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mining</h3><br>
<p>For over 700 years, silver, lead and zinc were mined from the Schauinsland. In the Middle Ages, mining was very productive, so much so that in the 14th century a number of contractors of the Dieselmuot mine could afford to donate glass windows to the Freiburg Minster. The miners lived right next to the mines on the Schauinsland in two settlements, which were abandoned during the 16th century. The silver obtained was traded and used for minting coins. The mining tunnels are spread over 22 levels and amount to a total of about 100 kilometers. At the beginning of the 20th century, about 250 miners were employed in the Schauinsland mines. Production ceased in 1954 due to the mine not yielding enough economy.</p><br>
<h4>Kapplerstollen</h4><br>
<p>There is a tunnel, the so-called Kapplerstollen, which connects the villages Kappel and Hofsgrund. It is also referred to as "midwife&#39;s tunnel" due to the fact that around the end of the 19th century midwives, as well as the children of Kappel, used it as a shortcut to Hofsgrund.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel still exists, however, its entries are no longer accessible.</p><br>
<p>Since 1975, the Barbarastollen, a reconstructed part of the mine, has been used by the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Emergency Aid as a storage facility for Germanys archived materials. The tunnel is Europes largest long-term archive.</p><br>
<h4>Mining museum</h4><br>
<p>The research team Steiber, founded in 1976, cleared and surveyed several old parts of the mine. A part of an old ore mine has been transformed into a museum that has been open to the public since 1997. On tours, visitors are shown a wide range of medieval tunnels and shafts from the final stages of when the mine was in operation.</p><br>
<h3>Schauinsland Race</h3><br>
<p>Between 1923 and 1984, a legendary hillclimb race called the "ADAC Schauinsland-Rennen“ took place on the Schauinslandstraße. The 12 km long route winds its way up public roads from Horben over the Holzschlägermatte to the cable car station at the top of the mountain. Since 2000, this traditional motorsport event has taken place on a shortened route up to the Holzschägermatte, but only as a parade for classic cars. Since 1984, the Schauinslandstraße has been shut for motorcyclists between 1 April and 1 November, as well as at weekends and on public holidays.</p><br>
<h3>Schauinslandkönig (Schauinsland King)</h3><br>
<p>Since 2007, there has been a hillclimb event on the L-124- "race course" from Horben to the chairlift station. It attracts over 1,000 participants a year, including racing cyclists, but also bikes with the capacity to tow children, tandem bikes, unicyclists, handicapped riders, inline skaters and roller skiers. They climb the so-called Schauinslandkönig (Schauinsland King) which is a distance of 11.5 km with a 770 m climb.</p><br>
<h3>Berghaus (Mountain House)</h3><br>
<p>In 1936, a hotel with 26 rooms and 74 beds was built on the mountain. This was used by the French Commandant from the end of the war to 1952. In 1958, it was used as a children&#39;s recreation centre and later as a halls of residence building for the town of Pforzheim. In 1989, it was used by the town of Freiburg as a home for refugees up until 1992 when it was used as a student halls of residence. A doctor from the Groddeck Hospital then tried to convert the building into a 48-bed rehabilitation centre, but this failed due to changes in health legislation and lack of credit. This led to its bankruptcy in late 2000. The building was empty from 2001 and the new doors and windows were vandalised. In 2011, the Berghaus was acquired by three couples from Freiburg, who wanted to convert the building into a conference centre and holiday home in the spring of 2015. They were supported in this endeavour by members of the Service Civil International. However, the project did not find enough support and the house is now due to be sold again.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain hotel</h3><br>
<p>In 1869, the stage manager of the municipal theater in Freiburg built and ran a cottage to the south-west of the peak. After various changes, the guest house "Zur Friedrichsruhe" emerged, also known as "Berghotel Schauinsland" (mountain hotel Schauinsland). After a fire in 1926, the house was reconstructed to its current form. From 1936 to 1982, Heinrich Sauerer ran the mountain hotel together with his family. Afterwards, the workers&#39; welfare union ran the guesthouse as a conference and meeting place for groups for thirteen years. As of 2006, the house, including 50 beds, can be fully rented. It is also the location of a detective novel.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>As of 12 December 2002, the Schauinsland&#39;s summit and the surrounding areas are protected by the regional council as a nature reserve (NSG number 3.264) within the natural environment of the High Black Forest. It encompasses an area of almost 1,054 ha, whereby 329.7 ha are part of Freiburg im Breisgau and 724.2 ha are part of the rural district Breisgau-High Black Forest. It is classified in the fourth IUCN category. The CDDA code is 319058. The nature reserve is supplemented by a conservation area of the same name, which has also been documented in the bylaw of December 2002. It incorporates the "Freiburger Bergwald" at the north-west slope of the Schauinsland, the "Kappler Tal" with a small and a big valley at the district of Kappel, the countryside south-west of "Brugge" and west of the L126 between "Kirchzarten-Bruckmühle" and the "Hohen Brücke" by St. Wilhelm, the countryside south-west of the "Trubelmattkopf" to the "Widener Eck" and east of the "Stampfbachtal" from "Oberneuhof" to "Spielweg" at the district of "Obermünstertal", as well as the meadows at the "Kohlerhöfen" in the district of "Ehrenstetten" within the nature reserve. Altogether, the landscape conservation area spans 5,484 ha, of which 1,741 ha can be attributed to the urban district of Freiburg (under the number 3.11.008) and 3,743 ha can be attributed to the rural district Breisgau-High Black Forest (under the number 3.15.032).</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<h3>Fallerhäusle</h3><br>
<p>The Fallerhäusle is a miners house which is located about a kilometer below the visitors entrance to the mine. It is a smaller version of the Schauinslandhaus. In the middle of the 18th century, there was great disagreement between the Hofsgrunder farmers and the mine owners concerning this miner&#39;s house. The mine owners had hired mountain experts/miners from Tyrol without taking care of housing possibilities for the men. Because of this, the Tyroleans were allowed to build their own small houses on the dumps and pits.</p><br>
<h3>Wind beeches</h3><br>
<p>Due to its exposed location on the "Rheinebene" which the Schauinsland rises from, there is a lot of strong wind, mainly from the west. Over the course of many decades, this has led to unusual forms of the red beech trees growing there.</p><br>
<h3>Schniederlihof</h3><br>
<p>Above "Hofsgrund" you can visit the Schniederlihof, a Black Forest farm house which was built in 1593. Schnieder is the Allemanic form of the name Schneider. Since the man was not a giant, Schneider became Schniederli (diminutive form). Until 1966, the farm was still managed and since 1972 it has been a local museum and can be visited from May to October. The farm is located at 1050 meters above sea level and can be reached on foot from the Hofsgrund church in 30 minutes.</p><br>
<h3>Schauinslandbahn</h3><br>
<p>From Freiburg (valley station Horben), the Schauinsland can be reached by Germanys longest cable car. The so-called Schauinslandbahn ascends a height of 746 m and has a length of 3600 m. The 37 cabins can transport up to 700 people per hour, which is about 240,000 passengers per year. The Schauinslandbahn came into operation in 1930 as the worlds first cable railway according to the circulation principle.</p><br>
<p>The lower station of the Schauinslandbahn can be reached by bus route 21 from the terminus of Freiburg city tram route 2 at Günterstal. All three lines are operated by VAG Freiburg, the city transport operator for Freiburg.</p><br>
<p>During the winter time, every couple of years, the Schauinsland cable car can be used as a ski lift when ideal snow conditions permit. About 300 metres from the carpark “Rotlache” and under the mountain station, the “cold water run” begins. Known as the “wild run”, it is highly treacherous, being over 8 km away from the valley station, thus making it the longest ski-run in the Black Forest.</p><br>
<h3>Schauinsland Tower</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1981, and named after the former Mayor of Freiburg Eugen Keidel, the lookout built on the summit of the Schauinsland is the start of many hiking routes within the local mountainous region. From the viewing platform, roughly 20 metres high, Mont Blanc can also be seen, which is not possible at the base of the tower due to the ski resort “Haldenköpfle” just in front.</p><br>
<h3>The "Engländerdenkmal" (Englishmen Memorial)</h3><br>
<p>On the 17th April 1936, a group of English students from the Strand School along with their teacher Kenneth Keast, hiked up Schauinsland, attempting to reach Todtnauberg, a challenging hike even in favourable conditions. Severe weather had been predicted, and the group was inadequately equipped and clothed. It was already snowing when they left Freiburg, and despite several local people advising Keast not to walk on Schauinsland in such weather, they went on. Just short of the summit, they were engulfed in a blizzard, and severely lost. Hours later, part of the group finally made it to Hofsgrund, from where a search party immediately set off to rescue the scattered group from storm and darkness. Four of the group of 27 were already frozen to death or had died from exhaustion, another one was very critical and died on the following day. This tragic event is locally known as the "Engländerunglück", literally "Englishmen’s calamity".</p><br>
<p>In 1938, in memory of this event, architect Hermann Alker from Karlsruhe erected the memorial for the deceased English students. This memorial, however, became a significant site for the Hitler Youth who used the monument for the purpose of propaganda.</p><br>
<p>After the second world war, “Hitler Youth” in the inscription was replaced by “Youth of Germany”, and the swastika and imperial eagle on the top bar were removed.</p><br>
<h3>Eaton cross</h3><br>
<p>Jack Eaton, father of one of the deceased students, had a stone cross erected at the spot where his son, Jack Alexander Eaton, had been found lifeless. This cross is locally known as "Kleines Engländerdenkmal", literally "Little Memorial to the English". It bears a German inscription on the mountain side, and an equivalent English inscription on the valley side. Eaton intended to add the line, "Their teacher failed them in the hour of trial", but this was disallowed, as the official version of the event exonerated the teacher.</p><br>
<h2>Observatories</h2><br>
<p>On the Schauinsland, there is a solar telescope, which is operated by the Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics, which nowadays is only used for teaching and PR. Current research is mostly done at the Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife. The observatory can be visited without pre-booking on five open days between May and September, each of which is scheduled at the beginning of the year. On those days guided tours take place between 11 A.M and 3 P.M.</p><br>
<p>The observatory was founded in 1943 by the German Luftwaffe of the Third Reich to make the most accurate prediction of the ideal frequency for military radio communication by observing the solar activities. It was managed by Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer from 1943 until 1975.</p><br>
<p>There is also an air measuring station on Schauinsland which belongs to the German environmental federal agency and the federal agency for radiation protection. The concentration of air pollutants is measured as part of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP), the climate-relevant gasses and radionuclides are recorded as part of the GAW. Both this building and the solar telescope were built in 1943 and were used to observe the quality of the ionosphere for the purpose of military radio communication.</p><br>
<p>A measuring station for the permanent monitoring of the artificial and natural radioactivity in the atmosphere has existed on the Schauinsland since 1957. It was integrated into the newly founded federal agency for radiation protection in 1989. Among other devices to measure traces of radioactivity in the air, the "Ortsdosisleistungs-Messnetz" and the supervision of the adherence to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) takes place there.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>The Schauinsland is a very popular area for Freiburg and the region as it is suitable for a number of outdoor adventurous activities including hiking, skiing and mountain biking. In the winter, sledging is possible on the Holzschlägermatte or on the higher areas of the mountain where a sledge-lift operates. Cyclists can visit the Schauinsland for both challenging and leisurely trails and use the Schauinslandbahn to help them ascend the mountain. From May to November, it is possible to go down the mountain using a hired scooter, which takes about an hour. The area right below the top station is a popular starting position for paragliders.</p><br>
<p>Glen Nevis  is a glen in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, with Fort William at its foot. It is bordered to the south by the Mamore range, and to the north by the highest mountains in the British Isles: Ben Nevis, Càrn Mor Dearg, Aonach Mòr, and Aonach Beag. It is home to one of the three highest waterfalls in Scotland, Steall Falls, where the Allt Coire a&#39;Mhail joins the Water of Nevis in the glen. Below the waterfall is a steeply walled and impressive gorge.</p><br>
<p>A public road runs for 10 km up the Glen, becoming single track after 7 km. There is a hotel, Scottish Youth Hostels Association hostel, and campsite at the bottom of the glen, near Fort William, and a small hamlet further up at Achriabhach.</p><br>
<p>From the car park at the end of the Glen Nevis road, a path continues through a gorge. After a scramble up this rocky path, the view opens up and the path leads into the peaceful upper glen. A wire bridge crosses to the base of the waterfall. Rebuilt by famous engineer</p><br>
<p>Tom Russell while a member of Junior Royal Engineers (Dover) JLRRE 82 Fld Sqn MacPhee troop This bridge was closed for three months in 2010 when one of the cables snapped.</p><br>
<p>The path has been improved periodically to ease access and to reduce the damaging effects of soil erosion caused by many walkers, but it remains challenging in places, and as the sign at the car park warns, potentially fatal. There have been several accidents in Glen Nevis, including the death of a young walker in August 2006.</p><br>
<p>Several films have been shot in Glen Nevis, including some scenes from the Harry Potter movies, Highlander, Highlander III: The Sorcerer, Braveheart and Rob Roy.</p><br>
<h2>Glen Nevis river race</h2><br>
<p>A 2-mile race down the River Nevis has been run in the summer since 1973. Competitors use floating aids such as LiLos to navigate the river. The race can take from 20 minutes to 2 hours dependent upon water flow. After a hiatus of several years, the race was run again from 2008 to the present.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Black Point is an estate on the south shore of Geneva Lake in Wisconsin, United States, built in 1888 as a summer home by Conrad Seipp, a beer tycoon from Chicago. It has also been known as Conrad and Catherine Seipp Summer House and as Die Loreley</p><br>
<p>The Queen Anne style mansion features a nautical-themed, four-story, "crow&#39;s nest" observation tower, which can be seen from many points on the lake; the property also features post-civil war-era furniture.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Adolph Cudell. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The state of Wisconsin owns the property and leases it to the Black Point Historic Preserve, a nonprofit organization which manages the property for public tours, which began in June 2007.</p><br>
<p>The estate and its grounds, including 620 feet of shoreline, are protected from future development by a conservation easement co-held by the Geneva Lake Conservancy, a local not-for-profit conservation organization, and the Preserve.</p><br>
<p>Lagos Lagoon is a lagoon sharing its name with the city of Lagos, Nigeria, the largest city in Africa, which lies on its south-western side. The name is Portuguese, and means lakes in the Portuguese language so Lagos Lagoon is an example of a tautological place name.</p><br>
<h2>Physical Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The lagoon is more than 50 km long and 3 to 13 km wide, separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a long sand spit 2 to 5 km wide, which has swampy margins on the lagoon side. Its surface area is approximately 6,354.7 km². The lagoon is fairly shallow and is not plied by ocean-going ships, but by smaller barges and boats.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon receives the discharge of the Ogun River and the Osun River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lagos Lagoon empties into the Atlantic via Lagos Harbour, a main channel through the heart of the city, 0.5 km to 1 km wide and 10 km long. The principal ocean port of Lagos is located at Apapa in a broad western branch off the main channel of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Another branch off the main channel, narrower and longer, separates Lagos Island from Victoria Island, the broad sand spit which forms the coastline.</p><br>
<p>The city spreads along more than 30 km of the lagoon&#39;s south-western and western shoreline. Pollution by urban and industrial waste is a major problem as a large amount of wastewater is released into the lagoon daily. The 11-km-long Third Mainland Bridge was built off the western shore to by-pass congested mainland suburbs.</p><br>
<p>To its north-east the lagoon is connected by a channel passing south of the town of Epe to the Lekki Lagoon. Narrow winding channels connect the system through a broad band of coastal swamps and rivers, as far away as Sapele, 250 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>The areas west of Lagos Lagoon are not well provided with roads and many communities there traditionally relied on water transport.</p><br>
<p>Goodenough Island in the Solomon Sea  is the westernmost of the three large islands of the DEntrecasteaux Islands in Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. It lies to the east of mainland New Guinea and southwest of the Trobriand Islands. It is roughly circular in shape, measuring 39 by with an area of 687 km&sup2; and a shoreline of 116 km. From a coastal belt varying in width from 2 to 10 km in width, the island rises sharply to the summit of Mount Vineuo, 2,536 m above sea level, making it one of the most precipitous islands in the world. The small island of Wagifa Island lies to the south-east of the island and is included within Goodenoughs administration.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Like much of New Guinea, the climate is tropical with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The northwest monsoon season lasts from December to March and brings sudden rain squalls. From May to October southeasterly winds are cooler and more gentle. Tropical cyclones are infrequent. Rainfall varies between 1,520 mm and 2,540 mm per annum. Serious droughts occur once or twice a decade. Rushing streams with waterfalls drain water from the central mountain. Rain forest cloaks the higher elevations with secondary forest, grassland and native gardens on the lower slopes and coastal plains. Soils are acidic.</p><br>
<p>A rare edible citrus plant, Citrus wakonai (locally called "Kakamadu", a name shared with other citrus species), grows on Goodenough Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The DEntrecasteaux Islands have probably been inhabited for several thousand years, the people being related to mainland Papuans. The archipelago was first sighted by the French mariner Joseph Antoine Bruni d Entrecasteaux in 1792 but remained unexplored until 1874 when Captain John Moresby, commanding HMS Basilisk, landed on the westernmost island and named it after a British naval colleague, Commodore James Graham Goodenough.</p><br>
<p>The impact of western culture after Moresbys visit and before World War II was limited to missionaries, ethnographers and traders seeking whales, pearls or gold. In 1888 William MacGregor visited the island in his role as administrator of the newly proclaimed British New Guinea. In 1891 the Methodist Church of Australia established a mission station on Dobu Island (between Ferguson and Normanby Islands) under the direction of William Bromilow. From there mission stations were established in strategic centres in the DEntrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands and the Louisiade Archipelago. In particular, in 1898 a mission station was established in Bwaidoga, Mud Bay, Goodenough Island. By that time traders had already created a regular demand for steel tools, cloth, and twist tobacco and the Dobu mission was recruiting natives to work in gold mines and copra plantations. These activities, and indeed the farming and hunting activities of the traditional people, were confined to localised areas on the fringing plains of the island. The mountainous interior remained entirely unknown and unpopulated above 1,100 m.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>On 25 August 1942, a Japanese convoy of seven motorised landing craft (MLC) with 353 marines of 5th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force stopped to rest at the south end of Goodenough Island. They were led by Commander Tsukioka and were bound for Taupota and participation in the Battle of Milne Bay. They became stranded when their MLCs were destroyed by No. 75 Squadron RAAF Kittyhawks.</p><br>
<p>On 22 October 1942 the Australian warships HMAS Stuart and HMAS Arunta disembarked 640 soldiers consisting of the Australian 2/12th Battalion, of the 18th Brigade from Milne Bay. They landed on both sides of the island&#39;s southern tip during the night. Intense fighting occurred during 23 October and during the night a successful rescue mission evacuated about 250 Japanese soldiers by submarine to Fergusson Island, where they were taken by cruiser to Rabaul. The remaining Japanese defenders were mopped up and the island declared secured by 27 October.</p><br>
<p>The occupation force remained on the island until 28 December 1942. During that time they used deception and camouflage to make the Japanese believe that a brigade sized force was occupying the island. They fabricated a ghost force of dummy structures, including a hospital, anti-aircraft guns constructed of logs pointed at the sky, and barricades of jungle vines which looked like barbed wire. They also lit fires to appear as cooking fires for large numbers of soldiers, and sent messages consistent with what a brigade of soldiers would be expected to send.</p><br>
<p>During that time an American airfield engineer reported that a temporary airfield could be constructed for emergency use on the site of an existing mission airstrip on the north eastern plain near Vivigani. He also recommended that a permanent 6,000 ft airstrip be constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Air Force directed the RAAF&#39;s No. 9 Group to attack enemy bases in New Britain. To facilitate this, General Headquarters Operations Instructions No.31, dated 11th, 1943, set out that Goodenough Island, which was garrisoned by an Australian infantry battalion group with attached service groups and two Radar stations, was to be reinforced and prepared as an air force operating base with two landing strips, one for fighters and the other capable of handling heavy bombers. The fighter strip was available on 15 June. By the end of July there were 3,614 RAAF personnel on the island. The bomber strip was completed on 20 October, although it is recorded that the first offensive use of the airfield was on 17 May by Beauforts of No. 100 Squadron RAAF.</p><br>
<p>As a part of Operation Cartwheel, Vivigani Airfield became an important staging point for Australian and American operations in the South West Pacific Area, an objective of which was to attack Rabaul in New Britain, the stronghold of Imperial Japanese forces.</p><br>
<h4>RAAF Units active on Goodenough Island</h4><br>
<h4>RAAF logistics units active on Goodenough Island</h4><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The four languages of Goodenough (Bwaidoka, Iduna, Diodio, and Buduna or Wataluma) belong to the Milne Bay Family of Austronesian languages. The dominant language, Bwaidoka, was adopted as a lingua franca by the Wesleyan (Methodist) Mission at the turn of the century. At the 2000 census the population was 20,814.</p><br>
<p>List of villages working clockwise around Goodenough Island starting at Vivigani Airfield on the northeast coastal plain, as shown in Google Earth.</p><br>
<p>Vivigani (this is not an actual village per se, although there are several in the vicinity of the airstrip)</p><br>
<p>Bolubolu (the administrative centre)</p><br>
<p>Wailagi (United Church mission station and 1–6 Elementary School)</p><br>
<p>Kilia</p><br>
<p>Lauwela</p><br>
<p>Auwale</p><br>
<p>Debenefue</p><br>
<p>Diodio</p><br>
<p>Tatala</p><br>
<p>Waibula</p><br>
<p>Ufaufa</p><br>
<p>Wataluma Mission and Plantation</p><br>
<p>Ulaluya Mission</p><br>
<h3>Protected area</h3><br>
<p>The Oi Mada Wara Wildlife Management Area in the centre of the island has an area of 22,840 hectare. It provides a critical landscape function with a relatively high number of endemic, endangered and vulnerable species. The small black dorcopsis (Dorcopsis atrata), the only wallaby known to be endemic to a Pacific island, is endangered and needs careful management. Another species, the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis), was abundant but can not be found today.</p><br>
<p>Watch Hill is a small hill lying on the north-western fringe of the Lake District in England. The name Setmurthy Common is sometimes used  to refer to the area including the highest point, with "Watch Hill" describing the area to the west of the summit. It should not be confused with another Watch Hill some 19 km to the south-west, near Whitehaven, which is only 172 m  high. The name "The Hay" is also used when referring to the area west of the summit.</p><br>
<p>Despite its low height (just 833 feet) it is a Marilyn (a hill with topographic prominence of at least 150m) because of the large height separation from its neighbours. This detachedness means that it is an excellent viewpoint. Skiddaw, Blencathra, the Lord&#39;s Seat group and Grisedale Pike are all seen, and there is a first-class view of the Cockermouth area and the Solway Coast AONB.</p><br>
<p>The hill is a popular climb with Cockermouth folk, along with its lower neighbour Slate Fell.</p><br>
<p>Wainwright recommends an ascent from the west and a return on the same route. He comments that "It is easily attained with a minimum of effort: a stroll on grass so simple that boots are incongruous footwear for it and bare feet appropriate".</p><br>
<p>Loughrigg Fell is a hill in the central part of the English Lake District. It stands on the end of the long ridge coming down from High Raise over Silver How towards Ambleside, and is separated from its neighbours by the depression of Red Bank.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell is surrounded by an unusual amount of open water. To the north the River Rothay flows through Grasmere and Rydal Water before bending around the eastern side of Loughrigg. On the southern flank the River Brathay runs from Elter Water and is also fed by the outfall from Loughrigg Tarn. The two rivers merge at Clappersgate on the south eastern corner of the fell, just before flowing into Windermere. The western boundary is formed by Red Bank (535 ft) on the ridge to Silver How. Unnamed becks fall north and south into Grasmere and Elter Water.</p><br>
<p>Loughrigg has two subsidiary ridges on its eastern flank. Lanty Scar provides the obvious line of ascent from Rydal, while the spur rising over Todd Crag leads up from Clappersgate. There are many areas of woodland on the lower slopes, giving way to a wide expanse of bracken-clad knolls and small tarns on the top. The summit is on the western side of the plateau and is identified by an Ordnance Survey column. Many lower tops also decorate the fell, sometimes to the confusion of visitors. Despite the girdle of lakes only Windermere is visible from the summit. The vista is open to the south over the green and blue country of Furness, with many fells in view on the other three sides.</p><br>
<p>The fell is easily accessible, being surrounded by roads on all sides. Ambleside and the smaller settlements of Skelwith Bridge, Elterwater, Grasmere and Rydal are all within reach, as is the popular double car park at White Moss Common. Many paths run over the fell including the well known Loughrigg Terrace, a level path with superb views of Grasmere, Helm Crag and the Fairfield group. Just beyond the eastern end of the Terrace are some quite remarkable caves, caused by quarrying. They penetrate about 150 ft into the hillside and are often full of water; there are other small mines on the fell.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology is complex with the dacitic welded lapilli-tuff and volcaniclastic sandstone of the Lincomb Tarns Formation outcropping on the south-eastern slopes. Nearer the summit are intrusions rhyolite and sills of basaltic andesite. Drift deposits overlie the north-western flanks.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highest rocky knoll can be identified by an Ordnance Survey triangulation column beside a large cairn, both standing out from the turf. The view includes intimate views of the Langdale Pikes and the fells around Grasmere, together with the Fairfield horseshoe and the Coniston Fells. Elter Water, Grasmere and a large part of Windermere can also be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>An easy way up Loughrigg is from the White Moss car park, on the A591 between Grasmere and Rydal Water. This simple walk entails only around 700 ft of ascent over 1.5 mi. From the car park a trail leads through woods onto Loughrigg Terrace. From the end of the terrace a path leads up left steeply over steps to the wide, undulating top area. Ascents are also possible from any of the surrounding settlements with manifold variations.</p><br>
<p>Loughrigg Fell is on the route of the Windermere Way, a long distance footpath that circumambulates Windermere.</p><br>
<p>The summit is the middle one of three visible knolls.</p><br>
<p>The Sokoto River  is a river in north-west Nigeria and a tributary of the River Niger. The river&#39;s source is near Funtua in the south of Katsina State, some 275 km in a straight line from Sokoto. It flows north-west passing Gusau in Zamfara State, where the Gusau Dam forms a reservoir that supplies the city with water.</p><br>
<p>Further downstream the river enters Sokoto State where it passes by Sokoto and is joined by the Rima River, then turning south and flowing through Birnin Kebbi in Kebbi State. About 120 km south of Birnin Kebbi, it reaches its confluence with the Niger River.</p><br>
<p>The plains around the river are widely cultivated and the river used as a source of irrigation. The river is also an important means of transport. The Bakolori Dam, about 100 km upstream from Sokoto, is a major reservoir on the Sokoto River. It has had significant impact on downstream floodplain cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site is a 9.65 acre United States National Historic Site located 10 miles  southwest of Downtown St. Louis, Missouri within the municipality of Grantwood Village. The site, also known as White Haven, commemorates the life, military career, and Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Five historic structures are preserved at the site including the childhood home of Julia Dent Grant, wife of Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<p>White Haven was a plantation worked by slaves at the time Grant was married to his wife in 1848 and remained so until the end of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After his marriage to Julia, Grant was stationed in Michigan and New York. Julia traveled with him to these posts, returning to White Haven in 1850 for the birth of their first child, Fred, in 1850. When Ulysses was sent west in 1852, Julia was not able to go with him, being pregnant with their second child. She returned to her parents home after stopping at Ulysses parents home in Ohio, where Ulysses Jr., was born. Grants army pay was insufficient to bring his family out to the West Coast, and he tried several business ventures to supplement his income. Suffering from depression and loneliness after being separated for two years, Grant finally resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to White Haven.</p><br>
<p>Grant farmed the White Haven property for his father-in-law, working with the slaves owned by Julias father. Two more children were born, Ellen, born on July 4, 1855, and Jesse, in February 1858. Due to a financial panic in 1857, along with bad weather that destroyed many farmers crops, Ulysses worked for a short time in the city of St. Louis in real estate and as an engineer. In 1860, Ulysses, Julia, and their four children moved to Galena, Illinois. Ulysses worked with his brothers selling leather goods made in their father&#39;s tannery.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery at White Haven</h3><br>
<p>Many visitors to Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site are surprised to learn that slaves lived and worked on the nineteenth century farm known as White Haven. During the years 1854 to 1859 Grant lived here with his wife, Julia, and their children, managing the farm for his father-in-law, Colonel Dent. At that time no one suspected that Grant would rise from obscurity to achieve the success he gained during the Civil war. However, his experience working alongside the White Haven slaves may have influenced him in his later roles as the Union general who won the war which abolished that "peculiar institution," and as President of the United States. The interpretation of slavery at White Haven is therefore an important part of the mission of this historic site.</p><br>
<h3>The setting</h3><br>
<p>Most slaveholders in Missouri owned few slaves; those who owned ten were considered wealthy. In the southeastern Bootheel area and along the fertile Missouri River valley known as "little Dixie," large, single-crop plantations predominated, with an intensive use of slave labor. Elsewhere in the state, large farms produced a variety of staples, including hemp, wheat, oats, hay, and corn. On many of these estates the owner worked alongside his slaves to harvest the greatest economic benefit from the land. Slavery was less entrenched in the city of St. Louis, where the African American population was 2% in 1860, down from 25% in 1830. Slaves were often "hired out" by their masters in return for an agreed upon wage. A portion of the wage was sometimes paid to slaves, allowing a measure of self-determination and in some cases the opportunity to purchase their freedom.</p><br>
<h3>Early farm residents and slavery</h3><br>
<p>Each of the farms early residents owned slaves during their tenure on the Gravois property. When Theodore and Anne Lucas Hunt purchased William Lindsay Longs home in 1818, there existed "several good log cabins" on the property—potential quarters for the five slaves purchased earlier by Hunt. The work of Walace, Andrew, Lydia, Loutette, and Adie would be an important part of the Hunts&#39; farming venture. The Hunts sold the Gravois property to Frederick Dent in 1820, for the sum of $6,000. Naming the property "White Haven" after his family home in Maryland, Colonel Dent considered himself a Southern gentleman with slaves to do the manual labor of caring for the plantation. By the 1850s, eighteen slaves lived and worked at White Haven.</p><br>
<h3>Growing up as a slave</h3><br>
<p>In 1830, half of the Dent slaves were under the age of ten. Henrietta, Sue, Ann, and Jeff, among others, played with the Dent children. Julia Dent recalled that they fished for minnows, climbed trees for bird nests, and gathered strawberries. However, the slave children also had chores such as feeding chickens and cows, and they mastered their assigned tasks as the white children went off to school. Returning home from boarding school, Julia noted the transition from playmate to servant. She noted that the slave girls had "attained the dignity of white aprons." These aprons symbolized slave servitude, a departure from the less structured days of childhood play.</p><br>
<h3>Household responsibilities</h3><br>
<p>Adult slaves performed many household chores on the Dent plantation. Kitty and Rose served as nurses to Julia and Emma, while Mary Robinson became the family cook. The wide variety of foods prepared in her kitchen were highly praised by Julia: "Such loaves of beautiful snowy cake, such plates full of delicious Maryland biscuit, such exquisite custards and puddings, such omelettes, gumbo soup, and fritters." A male slave named "Old Bob," who traveled with the Dents from Maryland in 1816, had the responsibility to keep the fires going in White Havens seven fireplaces. Julia thought Bob was careless to allow the embers to die out, as this forced him "to walk a mile to some neighbors and bring home a brand of fire from their backlog." Such "carelessness" provided Bob and many other slaves an opportunity to escape their masters eyes.</p><br>
<h3>Tending the farm</h3><br>
<p>Slave labor was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850-acre plantation. Utilizing the "best improvements in farm machinery" owned by Colonel Dent, field hands plowed, sowed and reaped the wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, and Indian corn grown on the estate. Slaves also cared for the orchards and gardens, harvesting the fruits and vegetables for consumption by all who lived on the property. During Grant&#39;s management of the farm he worked side by side with Dan, one of the slaves given to Julia at birth. Grant, along with Dan and other slaves, felled trees and took firewood by wagon to sell to acquaintances in St. Louis. More than 75 horses, cattle, and pigs required daily attention, while grounds maintenance and numerous remodeling projects on the main house and outbuildings utilized the skills of those in servitude.</p><br>
<h3>Personal lives</h3><br>
<p>Slaves claimed time for socializing amidst their chores. Corn shuckings provided one opportunity to come together as a community to eat, drink, sing, and visit, often including slaves from nearby plantations. Participation in religious activities, individually or as a group, also provided a sense of integrity. Julia remembered "Old Bob" going into the meadow to pray and sing. According to historian Lorenzo J. Greene, "St. Louis…was the only place in the state where the organized black church achieved any measure of success." Whether or not the Dent slaves were allowed to attend services is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>Freedom</h3><br>
<p>In Mary Robinsons July 24, 1885, recollections, during an interview for the St. Louis Republican memorial to Grant following his death, she noted that "he always said he wanted to give his wifes slaves their freedom as soon as he was able." In 1859, Grant freed William Jones, the only slave he is known to have owned. During the Civil War, some slaves at White Haven simply walked off, as they did on many plantations in both Union and Confederate states. Missouri&#39;s constitutional convention abolished slavery in the state in January 1865, freeing any slaves still living at White Haven.</p><br>
<p>"I Ulysses S. Grant... do hereby manumit, emancipate and set free from Slavery my Negro man William, sometimes called William Jones... forever."</p><br>
<h2>Post-Grant history</h2><br>
<p>The Grants turned White Haven over to William Henry Vanderbilt in 1881, to satisfy a loan Vanderbilt gave Grant after one of the latters financial partners absconded with investment funds. A portion of the plantation was later purchased by Adolphus Busch, where he developed his Grants Farm property, and the acreage around the main house was rescued from development of a Grant-themed amusement park in 1913 by Albert Wenzlick, a St. Louis real estate developer. The house was maintained by Wenzlick and his son until the latter&#39;s death in 1979. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, White Haven became a part of the National Park Service, and is currently one of more than 400 sites managed by that agency. The current superintendent is Timothy S. Good.</p><br>
<p>Lake Cerknica  is an intermittent lake in the southern part of the Cerknica Polje, a karst polje in Inner Carniola, a region in southwestern Slovenia. The lake, oriented in the Dinaric direction from northwest to southeast, is present for the most part of the year. When full, it is the largest lake in the country. The plain is surrounded by the Javornik Hills  to the south and Slivnica  to the north, both belonging to Dinaric Alps. The area of the lake mainly reaches 28 km&sup2, but can reach up to 38 km&sup2; and the surface level varies from 546 m to 551 m above sea level. The lake is an important wildlife resort, especially as a nesting place for many bird species. Botanically, it is distinguished by amphibious plants. It is therefore a part of two Natura 2000 areas of protection and the focus of the Inner Carniola Regional Park, which covers additional Natura 2000 areas in the broader region. The climate in the area is continental, with a mean temperature of 9.2 &deg;C and the annual precipitation about 1,700 mm. The largest settlement at the border of the lake is Cerknica, located north of the lake. Various watersports, including windsurfing, are popular on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Intermittent behavior</h2><br>
<p>The lake, which under ordinary conditions has an area of about 10 square miles and a mean depth of 20 ft, communicates through a number of openings with a series of subterranean reservoirs or caverns, some of which are above the lake level in the surrounding hills. In the summer, when the rainfall is slight, the lake is completely drained into the reservoirs lying below its level, and its bed is speedily covered with rich vegetation. With the returning heavy rains in autumn, the surrounding higher reservoirs are filled and discharge suddenly through the subterranean passages into the lake, so that the latter very rapidly regains its ordinary volume and may even inundate the surrounding country. The changes in level are, however, very irregular. Sometimes the lake does not disappear for several years, and it can remain dry for over a year, as it did in 1834–35. It is rich in fish, which disappear and return with the water.</p><br>
<h2>Research history</h2><br>
<p>Strabo in his Geography mentions a "marsh called Lugeon" (helos Lougeon kaloumenon) which has been identified with Lake Cerknica, Lougeon being Strabos Greek rendition of a local toponym, perhaps of Illyrian origin. It is Romanized as Lugeum. In November 1687 the Carniolan polymath Johann Weikhard von Valvasor described the lake in his letter to the Royal Society, an excerpt of which was published in the Societys Philosophical Transactions in December that year. He proposed a model of filling and emptying the lake, based on Cartesian mechanics. The first to accurately describe the functioning of Lake Cerknica was Tobias Gruber in 1781, followed in 1784 by Belsazar Hacquet.</p><br>
<p>Dalma is an Emirati island located in the Persian Gulf approximately 42 km off the coast of Abu Dhabi and 116 km from Doha. The Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey ADIAS carried out an initial archaeological survey of Dalma island in 1992. A total of more than 20 archaeological sites were identified on the island, ranging in time from the Neolithic . The population consists of about 10,000 inhabitants, most of whom are Arabs and Qatari who have been granted United Arab Emirates  nationality. The island has many private farms for the ruling family of Abu Dhabi. The late ruler Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed al-Nahyan had a palace here. There are many oil field workers working on the island, some of them who fly in from the offices in the major cities.</p><br>
<p>The island is served by the Dalma Airport and since recent times, by the mainland ferry.</p><br>
<p>Cramond Island  is one of several islands in the Firth of Forth in eastern Scotland, near Edinburgh. It lies off the foreshore at Cramond. It is 1/3 mi long and covers 19.03 acre. The island is part of the Dalmeny Estate, owned by the Rosebery Estates Partnership, and is let to Cramond Boat Club.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cramond Island is a tidal island about one mile (1.6 km) out to sea, which is connected to the mainland at low tide across the Drum Sands. A paved path, exposed at low water, allows easy access. This causeway runs at the foot of a row of concrete pylons on one side of the causeway, which were constructed as an anti-boat boom during the Second World War and are one of the most striking sights in the area. At high tide the path is covered by several feet of seawater which cuts the island off from the mainland. It is safe to walk along the raised causeway to the island at low tide, but only if visitors ensure that they leave enough time to return to the mainland before the water rises. The speed at which the tide comes in can easily trap the unwary. A large signpost (located at the start of the causeway) warns visitors of the danger. If this warning is ignored, there can be serious accidents or people may be stranded on the island until the next low tide. In 2011, a Daniel Defoe of Livingston, West Lothian and an unidentified female found themselves trapped on the island due to miscalculating the times of the tide. This story gained the attention due to the ironic parallels with Robinson Crusoe; a novel written by the 17th century writer Daniel Defoe. Coastguards recommend that the crossing is only attempted during the two hours either side of low water. The island is in the estuary of the River Almond whose mouth is near the landward end of the crossing. It is a popular recreation area.</p><br>
<p>Cramond Island is one of 43 tidal islands that can be walked to from the mainland of Great Britain and one of 17 that can be walked to from the Scottish mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is evidence to suggest that the island may have had special significance to the prehistoric peoples who lived along the coast of the Firth of Forth, as at least one stone burial cist was found.</p><br>
<p>As nearby Cramond was a Roman outpost, it is likely that it may have been used by them. The Roman presence in Scotland was not particularly strong, but Cramond is one of the most archaeologically rich sites, along with Trimontium near Melrose.</p><br>
<p>Throughout most of its history, Cramond Island was used for farming, especially sheep-farming, and perhaps served as a fishing outpost as well. The island was once famous for its oyster beds, but these were destroyed due to overfishing. In the north west corner of the island there are remains of a jetty built with local stone which could be medieval in origin, while towards the centre of the island, half-hidden by a small wood there is the ruin of a stone-built farmstead. It appears on an Ordnance Survey map of 1853, but may be considerably older. It was occupied until the 1930s and sheep were still kept on the island as late as the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>In 1914 a Middle Line of defences was established across the Forth estuary, to protect an anchorage for warships between the line and the Forth Rail Bridge. An anti-submarine net ran from Cramond Island to Inchmickery, to Inchcolm and to the Fife coast. The three islands were armed with 14 x 12-pdr guns, two of which were mounted on Cramond.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>At the outbreak of World War II, Cramond Island, along with other islands in the Forth, was refortified and armed with two 12-pdr guns, and a modern 6-pdr twin equipment, designed specifically to tackle fast-moving torpedo boats. An anti-submarine net and anti-boat boom was laid across the estuary from Cramond Island directly to Inchcolm, and then to the Charles Hill battery on the Fife coast. The barrier was to protect ships in the anchorage from attack by torpedo boats, and to stop submarines entering the anchorage to attack shipping or to damage the dock gate of Rosyth Dockyard. The line of concrete pylons was built from Cramond Island to the shore to complete the anti-boat barrier (which is often misidentified as an anti-submarine barrier - the water is far too shallow). After crossing the causeway, the first structures are the emplacements for a 75 mm gun and its associated searchlight. Several WW2 buildings survive, including the housings for Coast Artillery Search Lights, stores, shelters and gun emplacements, as well as two engine rooms that once contained all the equipment necessary to supply power to the military installations on the island. The anchor points for the anti-submarine net and anti-boat boom are visible at the north end of the island at low tide.</p><br>
<p>Further along the northern coast, low concrete stumps protrude from the undergrowth, all that remain of the barracks that housed the garrison on the island.</p><br>
<p>On the western side is a small brick building of unknown purpose. Nearby, perched precariously on the rocky shore is the ruin of a small square building which was used as an ammunition store during the war, though its stone construction suggests it is much older than either World War, possibly contemporary with the farmstead in the middle of the island.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois State Capitol, located in Springfield, Illinois, is the building that houses legislative and the executive branches of the government of the USA state of Illinois. The current building is the sixth to serve as the capitol since Illinois was admitted to the United States in 1818. The capitol is in the architectural style of the French Renaissance and was designed by Cochrane and Garnsey, an architecture and design firm based in Chicago. Ground was first broken for the new capitol on March 11, 1868, and it was completed twenty years later for a total cost of $4,500,000.</p><br>
<p>The building contains the chambers for the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate, as well as an office for the Illinois Governor, additional offices and committee rooms. The building&#39;s footprint is in the shape of a cross with four wings. Its tall central dome, and tower roofs, are covered in zinc to provide a silvery facade which does not weather. The interior of the dome features a plaster frieze painted to resemble bronze, which illustrates scenes from Illinois history, and stained glass windows, including a stained glass replica of the state seal in the oculus of the dome.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>With a total height of 361 ft, the Illinois capitol is the tallest non-skyscraper capitol, even exceeding the height of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. In contrast, the tallest skyscraper capitol stands a mere 241.67 feet (73.7 m) tall. The only state capitols taller than it are the non-classical designs of Louisiana and Nebraska, whose governments opted for modern structures. The dome itself is 92.5 ft wide, and is supported by solid bedrock, 25.5 ft below the surface. It is the highest (though not the tallest) building in Sangamon County. The Wyndham Springfield City Centre is taller than the capitol, however it is on lower ground, making the capitol building higher. A city statute does not allow buildings taller than the capitol. The building itself is shaped like a Latin cross aligned to the major compass directions, and measures 379 ft from the north end to the south end, and 268 ft from the east end to the west end. The capitol occupies a nine acre plot of land which forms the capitol grounds. William Douglas Richardson served as one of the principal contractors for the construction of the capitol building, and Jacob Bunn, an in-law of W. D. Richardson, served as chairman of the capitol construction steering committee.</p><br>
<p>When the capitol was constructed, several empty shafts were included for the future installation of elevators. The original water-operated elevators were installed in 1887 and were sometimes the subject of ridicule by local newspapers as they were deemed inadequate for a building with the prestige of the State Capitol. It is unknown when the first electric elevators were installed, but the first mention of them occurs in 1939, when the legislature appropriated $30,000 for their repair.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, the facility underwent a $50 million renovation, primarily focused on the west wing, to upgrade life safety, ADA accessibility and mechanical, electrical and plumbing infrastructure as well as architectural improvements to bring the capitol closer to its original 1870s appearance, the "period of significance" for the building. Improvements included refinishing of interiors and exposed brick arches in the basement; installation of maiden lamp posts for the grand staircase, new chandeliers, and copper-clad exterior doors; and removal of a second floor mezzanine.</p><br>
<p>The addition of the maiden statues is particularly notable, since they had been intended for the building since the 1870s when architect Alfred Piquenard designed them as part of the original plan. Piquenard was also the architect for the Iowa State Capitol, which is of a similar style, albeit 3/4 the size. Illinois legislators of the 1870s thought that the scantily clad women were too risqué but the Iowans had no objection. Illinois therefore had plain lamps installed at the base of its grand staircase, whereas the maiden lamps intended for Illinois were instead delivered to and installed at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, where they remain to this day. The lamps now installed at Illinois as part of this renovation are replicas of those at Iowa&#39;s capitol.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the renovation achieved LEED Gold certification under the US Green Building Councils New Construction and Major Renovation program.</p><br>
<h2>Former capitols</h2><br>
<p>The current Capitol of Illinois is the sixth such building in the history of the state. The first was located in Kaskaskia, Illinois, a city on the Mississippi River founded by the French in 1709. Kaskaskia had been the territorial capital of Illinois since 1809, so it was deemed an appropriate location for the capital of the new state. The state leased the first capitol building, a two-story building, for the sum of $4.00 per day.</p><br>
<p>Wishing to site the capital in the state&#39;s interior, the first General Assembly petitioned Congress for a grant of suitable land. Congress offered, and the state accepted, a land parcel up the Kaskaskia River about eighty miles northeast of Kaskaskia. This location, which would be named Vandalia, Illinois, was selected partly with the hopes of encouraging settlers to relocate to other parts of the state which were still uninhabited. The state allowed its lease on the first capital in Kaskaskia expire and relocated to Vandalia.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, with the completion of the new, or "second", capitol, Vandalia became the capital of the state. The structure burned soon thereafter and a third capitol quickly rose in 1824 at a cost of $15,000. Soon after its construction, many citizens began to advocate relocating the capitol to a location nearer the center of the state. A bill was introduced in 1833 for a statewide vote to determine a new location from a list of several choices including Alton, Jacksonville, Peoria, Springfield, Vandalia, and the state&#39;s actual geographic center. While Alton was the victor, the legislature determined the margin too small to be conclusive, and ignored the vote. In 1836, a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln, along with colleagues of his of the legal profession, advocated moving the capital to Springfield. That summer the Vandalia capitol building was demolished by local citizens and replaced with the fourth capitol (built at a cost of $16,000) in an effort to keep the capital in Vandalia. Although the new brick structure was extravagant, the General Assembly ignored the gesture and voted to relocate the capital to Springfield on February 25, 1837.</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 1837, the first brick was laid for Illinois&#39; fifth capitol designed by John F. Rague, who also designed the nearly identical Iowa Territorial Capitol. In 1853, the capitol was completed for a total sum of $260,000, almost twenty times the cost of any such previous structure. The building (pictured at right) was designed in the Greek Revival style from stone quarried 6 miles from the site. For many years, it was the largest and most extravagant capitol of the western frontier of the United States. The fifth capitol is closely associated with Abraham Lincoln as it was here that he argued cases before the Illinois Supreme Court, served in the State Legislature, first debated Stephen Douglas, delivered his famous "House Divided" speech, and lay in state after his assassination on May 4, 1865.</p><br>
<p>As Illinois prospered and experienced several booms in population, the fifth capitol became crowded, especially as a result of relocations after the Civil War. On February 24, 1867, the state voted to construct a new larger capitol. After breaking the ground for the sixth and current Capitol in 1868, the state recouped the costs of the fifth capitol by selling it to Sangamon County for $200,000. It served as the county court house until 1961 when the state again purchased the building and restored it as a historic landmark, the Old State Capitol State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h3>Fourth Statehouse</h3><br>
<p>Located in Vandalia, 38.961199&deg;N latitude, 89.093980&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<h3>Fifth Statehouse</h3><br>
<p>Located in Springfield, 39.801219&deg;N latitude, 89.648569&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Clee Hills are a range of hills in Shropshire, England near Ludlow, consisting of Brown Clee Hill 1,772 ft, the highest peak in Shropshire, and Titterstone Clee Hill 1,749 ft. They are both in the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hills stretch over 15 miles and run north - south, and for about this distance the lowest point along the hills is just under 984 ft. Titterstone Clee Hill is around five miles south of Brown Clee Hill.</p><br>
<p>The B4364 road from Ludlow to Bridgnorth runs between the two hills, offering good views of both. The hills have been said to form a "gateway" from the built up areas of the West Midlands to the hills and rural landscape of Wales and are at the heart of the Welsh Marches. Much quarrying has taken place on the hills over the years, and there are large air traffic control domes and radar towers on the summits of both hills which can be seen for many miles around.</p><br>
<h3>The View</h3><br>
<p>Views from the west of the hills spread as far as Snowdonia and Cadair Idris, the Brecon Beacons, the Black Mountains, The Long Mynd, Stiperstones Shropshires third highest peak, Corndon Hill and Radnor Forest. To the south are the Malvern Hills and the Cotswolds, and to the east are the Clent Hills, Turners Hill, Barr Beacon and the spread of the West Midlands. To the north is Cannock Chase, and on a very clear day the hills of the Peak District including The Roaches and Winter Hill.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to see the urban centres of Dudley and Wolverhampton, with Wolverhampton Wanderers FC&#39;s Molineux stadium visible. The hills mark a clear eastern boundary to the Shropshire Hills, and are just west of the Severn Valley between Bridgnorth and Bewdley. The hills stand out over the surrounding countryside and can be seen from well into Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire and the Black Country. They can also be seen, on a clear day, from the M5 Motorway on the northbound approach to Bromsgrove. The hills were created by glacial activity in the last Ice Age.</p><br>
<p>In the summer the hills are green and are easy walking, attracting many visitors from the Black Country and other parts of the West Midlands as well as much further afield, but care must be taken during winter, as though most of the time there is no snow and ice on the hills, when it comes it can be sudden and severe with very strong gales and blizzards often closing roads on the hill.</p><br>
<p>The village of Cleehill, lies on the slopes of Titterstone Clee Hill, about half way between Ludlow and Cleobury Mortimer.</p><br>
<p>The area is important for wildlife, with peregrine, kestrel, Northern wheatear, European stonechat, skylark, Eurasian curlew and barn owl often seen, as well as Adders, Rabbits and other birds. Even ravens are making a comeback on Clee Hill. In late July and early August 2007, Catherton Common near Titterstone Clee was home to a very rare woodchat shrike, and attracted so-called "twitchers" from far and wide.</p><br>
<h2>The hills in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>There is a long-standing rumour in the local area - that is that they are the highest land eastwards until the Ural Mountains in Russia. According to this appears to be true, with no land above 500m until the Urals. It has even been known for radios in the area to pick up Radio Moscow signals, hence the name of the former pub near Clee Hill village, The Kremlin Inn, which closed in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Clee hills are mentioned in A. E. Housman&#39;s poem "From Clee to heaven the beacon burns", which is a section of A Shropshire Lad.</p><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee and Brown Clee also figure in Ellis Peters&#39; Brother Cadfael mystery, The Virgin in the Ice.</p><br>
<p>The Clee Hills have given rise to many place names in the area, including the villages of Cleehill, Cleeton St Mary, Cleestanton and Cleedownton.</p><br>
<p>Some people believe that The Shire in Tolkiens famed novel the Lord of the Rings&#39; was based on this area, which he was known to visit frequently, having grown up in Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>Clee Hill features prominently on the Hereford Mappa Mundi.</p><br>
<h2>Terminology</h2><br>
<p>The Clee Hills often cause confusion amongst people through their names, but basically:</p><br>
<p>The Clee Hills are the range of hills in southern Shropshire consisting of Brown Clee Hill and Titterstone Clee Hill.</p><br>
<p>Cleehill is small village on the southern slopes of Titterstone Clee Hill</p><br>
<p>Titterstone Clee Hill is the smaller of the Clee Hills to the south of the range, heavily quarried.</p><br>
<p>Brown Clee Hill is the larger of the hills to the north of the range.</p><br>
<p>Clee Hill - rather confusingly there is actually no such thing as Clee Hill, and it is seen as either:</p><br>
<p>A misspelled version of Cleehill, referring to the village,</p><br>
<p>A local name for Titterstone Clee Hill</p><br>
<p>A local name for the quarrying areas on Titterstone Clee Hill</p><br>
<p>A local name for the area.</p><br>
<p>Crosby Beach is part of the Merseyside coastline north of Liverpool in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, England, stretching about 2.5 mi North-West from the Seaforth Dock in the Port of Liverpool, through Waterloo, where it separates the sea from the Marina. The beach has been the permanent home of the Another Place sculptures by Antony Gormley since 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The beach was stabilised from the mid 19th century, as prior to this, high sea tides could come in as far as the first row of houses.</p><br>
<p>In the older dunes north of the coastguard station, between the sea and the West Lancashire Golf Club, there are still some remains of the old wartime defences. The navigable shipping channel in Liverpool Bay, connecting the River Mersey to the Irish Sea, runs parallel to the beach to around the coastguard station where it swings out to sea.</p><br>
<p>The beach featured as part of a BBC drama in 2012, with scenes for the drama Good Cop film at and around the beach region. Sefton Council hoped the drama would help towards promoting the coastline as a location ideal for filming.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Another Place</h3><br>
<p>The Another Place sculptures by Antony Gormley are found here and, after a Sefton Council meeting on 7 March 2007, it has been allowed to stay permanently. Gormley&#39;s reason for choosing Crosby Beach as the location was that he thought of the beach as being "the opposite of pretty. It is terrific and brutal and is a working beach". The sculptures were painted in June 2017 in what was described as vandalism, although several residents reacted favourably to the graffiti.</p><br>
<h3>Waterloo Marina</h3><br>
<p>A million pound scheme was proposed to redevelop the nearby Marina as part of a visitor&#39;s centre for the beach and Another Place. The new centre was opening in late 2009 under the name of the Crosby Lakeside Adventure Centre, and is also home to the Crosby Scout and Guide Marina Club.</p><br>
<h2>Coastal defences</h2><br>
<p>Dune management, including the planting of old Christmas trees and the building of a sea wall, is ongoing and have reduced the problems of high tides.</p><br>
<p>Throughout 2011-2012, around 4,000 t of sand was moved from Crosby Beach further north towards the village of Hightown, in an effort to bolster coastal defences for the village; the sand dunes are expected to last for 30 years, which also includes a rubble wall at the southern end.</p><br>
<h2>Safety</h2><br>
<p>The beach has a red flag rating, typically indicating danger and for visitors to not enter the water. There have been numerous incidents over the years of visitors getting trapped in quicksand. Some incidents have been attributed to the iron men sculptures, with visitors venturing beyond the safety point to see the sculptures.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Crosby Beach can be reached by foot from Hall Road railway station, Waterloo railway station or Blundellsands and Crosby railway station. The number 53 bus runs through South Road, Waterloo, which stops near Waterloo Station. Many people take the 10-minute walk from here to the end of South Road where the Marina begins and Crosby Beach is located over the sand dunes. There is also car parking at Crosby Swimming Baths.</p><br>
<h2>Accolades</h2><br>
<p>As of July 2017, Crosby Beach scored favourbly on Trip Advisor, receiving an average rating of 4.5/5 from around 500 reviews.</p><br>
<p>The beach was awarded Keep Britain Tidy&#39;s Quality Coast Award in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually was an important fur trading and farming post of the Hudsons Bay Company in the Puget Sound area, part of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia Department. It was located in what is now DuPont, Washington. Today it is a living history museum located in Tacoma, Washington, USA, within the boundaries of Point Defiance Park. The Fort Nisqually Granary, moved along with the Factors House from the original site of the second fort to this park, is a USA National Historic Landmark. Built in 1843, the granary is the oldest building in Washington state and one of the only surviving examples of a Hudsons Bay Company "post on sill" structure. The Factors House and the granary are the only surviving Hudson&#39;s Bay Company buildings in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Hudson&#39;s Bay Company expanded to the west coast by forming the Columbia District to oversee its operations in what was known by American interests as the Oregon Country. Forts would be built in the District at central fur gathering locations, accessible to a large number of tribes. In 1824, Fort Vancouver was built a few miles from the Columbia River to the south and Fort Langley was built in 1827 on the Fraser River to the North. The Cowlitz Portage, an overland and shortcut route was soon created, and thus a vital link between the two forts was established. After the attack and murder of Alexander McKenzie and four men in his party on this route, it was determined a fort located at a half way point was needed for safety and security reasons.</p><br>
<p>The new midway location was at Nisqually, chosen for its excellent ship anchorage, its convenience for overland travel, the friendliness of local tribes and its prairies for grazing animals and growing crops. Located near the mouth of Sequalitchew Creek on the plains north of the Nisqually River Delta, in the present town of DuPont, Washington, Nisqually House was built in April 1832. The staff was only three men with a few supplies left behind to manage it. The first building of station was a storehouse of fifteen by twenty feet built on the beach, notably the first European trading post on the Puget Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<p>One year later in May 1833, Chief Trader Archibald MacDonald returned with William Fraser Tolmie and seven men to begin the construction of a permanent fort. Tolmie spent the year there and wrote about the region extensively. The men were dependent upon the surrounding native villages for sustenance because they were unable to find much game to hunt. Relations with neighboring Indigenous people began to deepen, the officers of the post meeting with Chief Gray Head of the Steilacooms in 1833. Trading with the nearby Puyallup tribe and more distant S&#39;Klallams developed in the same year.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually was operated and served by Scottish gentlemen, Native Americans, Hawaiian Kanakas, French-Canadians, Métis, West Indians, Englishmen and, in later years a handful of Americans. Fort Nisqually grew from an obscure trading post to major international trading establishment, despite not being a true military outpost. The fort&#39;s main export was beaver pelts that could be used for making a beaver-pelt top hat. Over the time Fort Nisqually functioned as a trading post, about 5,000 beaver, 3,000 muskrat, 2,000 raccoon and 1,500 river otter furs were collected.</p><br>
<h3>Puget Sound Agricultural Company</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1840, the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC) was formed as a subsidiary of the HBC to meet its contractual obligations with the Russian-American Company in the RAC-HBC Agreement. Fort Nisqually and Cowlitz Farm were attached to the new venture, though it remained staffed and managed by HBC personnel. In 1841 mostly Métis families from the Red River colony were hired by the PSAC to become pastoralists and farmers upon its two stations. After traveling overland to Fort Vancouver by James Sinclair, 14 Métis emigrant families from the Red River colony chose Fort Nisqually as their final destination. The station was removed in 1843 to be closer to Edmonds Marsh and Sequalitchew Creek, putting it in proximity of a water source and timber.</p><br>
<p>Fort Nisqually started to export livestock and crops for local consumption and export to principally to Russian Alaska, the Kingdom of Hawaii, and Alta California. The herds of cattle, originally from Mexico, numbered over 2,000 in 1845 and supplied many of the HBC forts in the region. The sheep herds maintained were "aristocrats of the wool breeds", being composed of mixtures of Chevoit, Leicester and Southdown breeds. The flocks numbered almost 6,000 in 1845, doubled in size by 1849 but began a decrease of numbers until by 1856 the station had a little over 5,000.</p><br>
<p>Tolmie was the manager of the PSAC from 1843 to 1857, overseeing the pastoral and agricultural projects from Fort Nisqually. His tenure covered the transition from British to American control beginning in 1846 as result of the Oregon Treaty, and the Puget Sound War. He was well respected because of his experience with the region and maintained friendly relations with the British, Indigenous peoples and American settlers.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Catholic missionary Jean Bolduc described the station in 1843 as having: "...an enclosure of fir logs, on an average eighteen feet high, enclosing a space one hundred fifty feet on each side and having a small unarmed bastion at the four corners. Inside is a house for the superintendent, a store for trading in furs and several small buildings for the lodging of servitors and voyageurs."</p><br>
<h3>Oregon Treaty</h3><br>
<p>The 1846 treaty between the United States and Great Britain established the border between British North America and the United States at the 49th parallel, which left Fort Nisqually on American soil. Early American settlers on the Puget Sound began arriving in numbers during the 1850s to claim land authorized by the Donation Land Claim Act. This group was dependent upon Fort Nisqually for provisions and supplies, unable to make the needed food themselves. Bartering was the norm, with agricultural produce accepted as payment. Squatters from the United States became a problem for Fort Nisqually. Twenty-eight separate attempts to take portions of the fort&#39;s land happened in 1851, jumping to 50 incidents two years later. The herds of Fort Nisqually became targeted as well, an officer reporting in 1854 that "two or three bands of Americans constantly about the plains killing our beef..." With the fur trade in decline and increasing harassment from American settlers, tax collectors, and revenue agents, Fort Nisqually closed in 1869. A former employee of Fort Nisqually, Mr. Huggins, became an American citizen and took over the site as his homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Fort Nisqually was rebuilt in its current location in Point Defiance Park in Tacoma, Washington. The restoration was part of President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal program to provide jobs to the Depression stricken nation. The effort was funded and backed by the WPA and the Tacoma Businessmens Association. Only two buildings, the granary and factor&#39;s house, were moved from their original locations, the rest having fallen into decay.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Nisqually Granary was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>Today, the restored Fort Nisqually is a living history museum run by employees and volunteers. Two of the original buildings, the Factors House, and the Granary remain. In addition, there is a trade store, working blacksmith shop, laborers dwelling house, demonstration kitchen, and kitchen garden. Fort Nisqually has seen recent changes designed to capture its original character. These changes include, most significantly, the restoration of the Factors House, and the relocation and restoration of the two 1830s era bastions. In addition a section of the palisades wall is designed to replicate the 1847 era wall.</p><br>
<p>Archeology was conducted in 1988–89 to determine the placement, orientation and size of the northeast bastion and palisades wall. Hundreds of artifacts were discovered and catalogued and have added to the historical record. In addition, much research has been conducted using the original journals as well as hundreds of letters of Edward Huggins. Huggins was a clerk of the HBC who arrived in 1850. Huggins, originally a Londoner, eventually became an American citizen and homesteaded the land and buildings after it was abandoned by the HBC. He lived on the land until 1906 when he died of colon cancer. The restored fort is managed by Metro Parks Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>The 1833 location is located on The Home Course golf course in DuPont. The 1843 location in DuPont, where the buildings now at Point Defiance were originally located, is owned by The Archaeological Conservancy, is managed by DuPont Historical Society, and is closed to the public, except when opened as part of the Fort Nisqually celebration held each year. Logs mark the location of the original walls, but there are no buildings remaining. The only visible remnants of the original fort are a line of black locust trees, planted in the 1850s. DuPonts History Museum has information on the site plans and a collection of other items from the Hudsons Bay Company.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Seminary Ridge is a dendritic ridge which was an area of Battle of Gettysburg engagements in July 1863 during the American Civil War , and of military installations during World War II .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Seminary Ridge is a northern portion of the drainage divide between the Marsh Creek Watershed on the west and the Rock Creek Watershed (east). At the south end of Oak Ridge (the northernmost portion of the divide), the north-south McPherson and Seminary ridges bifurcate southward at the triple watershed point of Willoughby and Pitzer runs (southward tributaries of Marsh Creek) with a Rock Creek eastward tributary. From the triple point, Seminary Ridge extends southward to an area with eastward drainage into the Rock Cr tributary (Stevens Creek), with the borough of Gettysburg, and with the TBD. Farther south into the Gettysburg National Park, Seminary Ridge continues as far as a branch of Pitzer Run, which divides the ridgeline ({{coord|39.808173|-77.255516}}), around which the drainage divide curves to the east. The ridgeline continues south of the branch, crossing the Millerstown Road. Between the Millerstown and Emmitsburg road crossings, the west side of the ridgeline is an elevated area (http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/pub/openfile/pdfs/of06_02.pdf hornfel along the northwest edge of a diabase sheet) about 1 mile wide along the Emmitsburg Road. Along this east side of this elevated area, the ridgeline is Warfield Ridge, the southernmost portion of Seminary Ridge near the south end of the Gettysburg Battlefield. South of the tip of Seminary/Warfield Ridge tip, the Marsh/Rock creeks&#39; drainage divide continues about 4 miles to near the Mason–Dixon line at their confluence to form the Monocacy River.</p><br>
<p>The portion of Seminary Ridge on the western side of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania includes the railroad cut behind houses north of Buford Avenue and the historic Gettysburg Armory. Extending south are Schultz Woods, Spangler Woods, Berdan Woods, the http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/campgrounds.htm McMillan Woods Youth Campground, Pitzer Woods, Biesecker&#39;s Woods, and the 1895 Longstreet Tower, which provides an observation platform for the "southern end" of Seminary Ridge (Warfield Ridge). The Eisenhower National Historic Site on the west of the ridge is visible from the tower.</p><br>
<p>Seminary Ridge Avenue and the sections of West Confederate Avenue (northwest and southwest) generally extend along the landform&#39;s ridgeline and provide access to numerous battle monuments on the ridge, including the prominent Virginia Monument. Seminary Ridge is crossed by Buford and Springs avenues, as well as West Middle Street.</p><br>
<h3>South Seminary Ridge</h3><br>
<p>South Seminary Ridge is a Gettysburg Battlefield landform south of an east-west branch of Pitzer Run, which separates South Seminary Ridge from a separate landform to the north on the west of Gettysburg with the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. South of the Pitzer Run branch, the ridgeline of South Seminary Ridge extends from Pitzer Woods, across the Millerstown Road, past the Longstreet Tower to the Emmitsburg Road and on to the southernmost state memorial on the battlefield (Alabama), which is just west of the right flank marker for the Confederate Line. Warfield Ridge is a portion of South Seminary Ridge southward to the Alabama Memorial, and the ridge landform continues southward out of the Gettysburg National Park to where Ridge Road is on the crest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1761 Samuel Gettys http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=17045 tavern was built near the ridge at the crossroads east of Stevens Creek, and it preceded both the c. 1812 construction of the Chambersburg Pike across the ridge</p><br>
<p>and the nearby "Gettysburg Theological Seminary"</p><br>
<p>being established on the ridge on August 1, 1826.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, Old Dorm (now Schmucker Hall) was built, and Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College) was started on the east side of the ridge. On the ridge along the Chambersburg Pike, the Thaddeus Stevens building near the seminary (used for Robert E. Lee&#39;s 1863 headquarters) was built in 1834. At the time of the battle, the section of the ridge at the extension of West Middle St (the Hagerstown Rd) was known as "Haupt&#39;s Hill".</p><br>
<h3>Civil War and postbellum</h3><br>
<p>Seminary Ridge was the site of Battle of Gettysburg fighting on July 1, 1863, as well as a Pitzer Woods engagement on July 2. Robert E. Lee established his headquarters on the ridge just north of the Chambersburg pike, and the ridge also served as the Confederate line of battle for July 2 & 3 attacks against Union Army positions on Cemetery Ridge. On July 3, 500 men in George Pickett&#39;s division were killed/wounded on Seminary Ridge (including 88 lost in one regiment of Kemper&#39;s Brigade) from the Federal artillery counterfire prior to Pickett&#39;s Charge.</p><br>
<p>Longstreet Tower (No. 2 of five at Gettysburg) was built on the ridge by the War Department in 1895.</p><br>
<p>* original formats: https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 1895, https://books.google.com/books?id=QAkTAAAAYAAJ 1900, https://books.google.com/books?id=47YsAAAAIAAJ 1909, https://books.google.com/books?id=WZodAQAAIAAJ 1913, https://books.google.com/books?id=cpIsAAAAIAAJ 1918 West Confederate Avenue was built at the turn of the 20th century for Seminary Ridge tourism, while Sharpshooters Avenue (named Berdan Avenue by 1930) was extended from W Confederate Avenue in 1917 for access to a Pitzer Woods monument. In 1918, various military camp sites (e.g., Camp Colt) were located in the http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/tstops/tstd3-19.htm "Field of Pickett&#39;s Charge" between the Seminary and Cemetery ridges.</p><br>
<p>(source: https://books.google.com/books?id=cpIsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA995actual p. 995 of annual report) The North Carolina Monument was placed on the ridge in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built the 1938 Civil War veteran&#39;s camp for the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and performed Gettysburg Battlefield landscaping through 1941. Construction had begun c. November 1933</p><br>
<p>Renamed from "MP-2", camp NP-2 was in McMillan Woods, while a different CCC camp was in Pitzer Woods until closing in April 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Pitzer&#39;s Woods camp was for reforestation and a 1933 "cyclone" blew all 45 tents down (200 trees were downed at the Round Tops).</p><br>
<p>The "Gettysburg Company 1355, C.C.C." celebrated their 8th anniversary in 1941.</p><br>
<h3>World War II and post-war</h3><br>
<p>During 1943-4, Camp Sharpe at the former Pitzer Woods CCC camp NP-1 trained soldiers for psychological operations in the European Theater of Operations, and adjacent to Camp Sharpe was a 1944-6 POW camp at CCC camp NP-2 in McMillan Woods. Following the 1950 purchase of the Eisenhower farm, the US Secret Service monitored the tourists using the top of the nearby Longstreet Tower, and the Pitzer Woods amphitheater was constructed in the 1960s The Adams County Historical Society moved to the seminary&#39;s Old Dorm on the ridge in 1961, and the National Register of Historic Places added Old Dorm in 1974 (the Gettysburg Armory in 1990).</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Tennessee State Memorial on West Confederate Avenue was the last confederate state memorial to be dedicated, and the memorial to James Longstreet was erected in Pitzer Woods in 1998 after being planned in 1941. The ridge&#39;s Historic Preservation Foundation at 61 Seminary Ridge Av was formed on April 29, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Marmara Island is a Turkish island in the Sea of Marmara. With an area of 117.8 km&sup2; it is the largest island in the Sea of Marmara and is the second largest island of Turkey after Gökçeada . It is the center of Marmara district in Balıkesir Province. Transportation is possible from Istanbul by ship and ferry, and by motorboat from Tekirdağ and Erdek. Famed for their wine and fish, Marmara and Avsa offer wonderful shorelines. Marmara island is full of historical treasures which increase its attractiveness. The town of "Mermer Plaj" / Marble Beach takes its name from the marbles for which the town is famous and which give the island and the sea their name.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times the island was called Proikonesos (Προικόνησος) or Prokonnesos (Προκόννησος), Latinized as Proconnesus. The modern name "Marmara" is derived from the Greek μάρμαρον (marmaron) and that from μάρμαρος (mármaros), "crystalline rock", "shining stone", perhaps from the verb μαρμαίρω (marmaírō), "to flash, sparkle, gleam", because it was famous for the white marble quarried there. Under the name Proconnesus it is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church (the see has been vacant since the death in 1963 of the most recent occupant), and of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>Proconnesian marble is used extensively in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and exclusively in the Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano now in the British Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historical evidence of the first Hellenic presence on the island of Marmara (ancient Prokonnessos) came with the early colonization of Ionian Greeks in the 8th century BC. Stories and legends identify the island as a visiting place of Jason and the Argonauts and with the Hellenic expedition against Troy. In 493 BC it was burned by a Phœnician fleet fighting for Darius. In 410 Alcibiades conquered it for Athens.</p><br>
<p>During the Diocletianic Persecution the Emperor Diocletian ordered low-status Manichaeans to be executed while high-status Manichaeans were to be sent to work in the quarries of Proconnesus or the mines of Phaeno (Reference required).</p><br>
<p>During the reign of Constantine the Great in the 4th century notable aristocracy from Constantinople first settled on the island. By 569, many Byzantine aristocrats had built palaces on the island that they had accepted as their home. The greatest palace of this period was built by the Emperor Justinian I. With the Emperor came a large entourage of nobility, palace guards, tradesmen, and servants. Justinian also built a large convent on Marmara that is one of the earliest in recorded history. The Byzantine royal presence on the island was strongly felt through strong ties to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. During most of its history, the island was called "Proikonnesos" (island of the royal dowry), and "Prinkipo", (island of the aristocracy).</p><br>
<p>From the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the years directly following World War I, the island was almost exclusively populated by Greek Orthodox Greeks. During World War I much of the population was forced off of the island onto the mainland. And, following the war, as a result of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, all remaining Greeks native to the island of Marmara emigrated to Greece and other locations around the globe.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s Greek Orthodox diaspora settled primarily in New Marmara, the island of Euboea, in Greece and in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki. Still others from the island settled in the Americas, primarily in the USA, in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Oregon and the Seattle/Tacoma, Washington area. As well, still others emigrated to Canada, Australia and South America.</p><br>
<h3>1935 earthquake</h3><br>
<p>On 4 January 1935 at 16:41:29 local time, an earthquake hit the Marmara Island and its neighboring islands Avşa and Paşalimanı, causing five deaths, 30 persons injured and several villages destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Panoramic views</h2><br>
<p>The Mazaruni River is a tributary of the Essequibo River in northern Guyana. Its source is in the remote western forests of the Pakaraima Mountains and its confluence with the Cuyuni River is near Bartica. As it descends from the Guiana Highlands the river runs south-east, past Issano, then northward to Bartica.</p><br>
<p>The river is a source of alluvial gold.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Mazaruni River drops down from each Roraima plateau through three steep sided canyons with many picturesque sets of falls. The first set is Chai-chai Falls. The next is near village of Imbaimadai and the last set is below the village of Kamarang where the Mazaruni River tumbles through last few major falls, the first of which is a few kilometres long gutter known as Chitigokein Falls, which finishes in Coffy pool, a deep pool named after Mehir “Cousin Body” Coffy, one of the last "Porknockers" (these are small diamond and gold miners) of Guyana.The term "Porknockers" comes from the old prospectors having to carry in all their food one of which was salt pork which attracted flies and had to be knocked regularly to keep flies away. According to legend, during the 1950s, Coffy was diving in the river for diamonds when he got the bends, due to overstaying below and rapid decompression.</p><br>
<p>After few kilometres of relatively calm water, the last set of great Mazaruni River Falls begin. The first falls is the Aruwai Falls and the last is the Peaima Falls.</p><br>
<p>Soon after Peaima Falls, the river, which was flowing north-south, turns east-south-east. It passes the Issineru River mouth on the left bank, with the Amerindian village, Issineru, on the other bank. Then, over the lowlands of greenstones of Precambrian Guiana Shield, the Meamu River, Kurupung River and Eping River join the Mazaruni River. Together, these rivers serve to drain the highlands of the Merume Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Next, the Mazaruni River flows past Oranapai Rapids, Kamakusa Landing, the mouth of Merume River, Banana Landing, Tiboku Rapids, the mouth of Equeribisi River, Issano Landing, the mouth of the Puruni River, Kaburi rapids, Marshal Falls, the last set of rapids, Itabali Landing, the mouth of the Cuyuni River, then, near the village of Bartica, finishes into the Essequibo River, the largest river of Guyana.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The iron hydroxide stained brown waters of Mazaruni are home to many fish. The most abundant are the large and dangerous black electric eels (numfish), piry (relative of piranha cutleback), haimara, and baiara. However, the most famous fish is lau-lau, with specimens weighing up to 200 kg. Lau-lau lives in deep pools of Mazaruni River hunting in the night. Mazaruni River waters are also home to a largest water snake, anaconda, locally known as water kamudi. Large herds of wild pigs, peccaries, sometimes as large as a few hundred, live on swampy flat of Mazaruni River. They are very dangerous since they are known to attack humans. The only escape is up the large tree. Pumas and the much smaller ocelot are also found there but rarely seen since they hunt at night. Many monkeys, of which the howling monkey is the noisiest, inhabit tree tops, sharing the space with many types of birds. Pairs of Red, yellow or bleu Macaws, united for life, often can be seen to fly by.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The Mazaruni River flows over three distinct habitats; the flat tops of Roraima Plateau, known in Venezuela as “tepuis”, the lower two plateaus and the low lands. Each habitat is characterised by its own vegetation. The upper one is a fantastic land of rain swept sandstone eroded into fantastic forms with exotic plants trying to survive this inhospitable land of denuded rocks. The middle one is mainly savannas with bands of single canopy jungle, the lowest is a triple canopy jungle. Exotic orchids are found in last two habitats.</p><br>
<h2>Mineral resources</h2><br>
<p>In the upper Mazaruni River basin, in 1890, near Issineru village, first alluvial diamonds were found in Guyana. The discovery was made accidentally by Edward Gilkes, was prospecting for gold along the Putareng Creek, a small left hand tributary of the Mazaruni River. Since then, according to Guyana Geology and Mines Commission, Mazaruni River, along with its tributaries (Meamu, Kurupung and Eping Rivers), produced over 50 percent all of alluvial diamonds mined up to now in Guyana.</p><br>
<p>The gravels of Mazaruni River and its tributaries are, as well, gold bearing. Some places, such as Imbaimadai, Kamarang, Aruwai, Tiboku, Kaburi and Marshal Falls produced a large amount of alluvial gold during golden era of river dredging (1980–1995).</p><br>
<p>The river remains, to a lesser degree, a source of alluvial gold and diamonds. A few miles west of Bartica, there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a hard-rock gold mine in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Wasa Lake is a lake in British Columbia, Canada. It has an area of 1.1473 km². It is 37.5 km north of Cranbrook. Wasa Lake Provincial Park sits at the northern end of the lake. It was named in 1902 after the city Vaasa in Finland. It was formerly known as Hanson lake.</p><br>
<p>There is an 8 km wheelchair and bike accessible "Wasa Lions Way" trail around the lakeshore as well as a 2.7 km "Forest of the Rainshadow" self-guided interpretive trail that begins at the amphitheatre located in the Wasa Lake campground. This family friendly trail leads up to the Wasa Lake Ridge which overlooks the lake, the Purcell Mountains, the Kimberley ski hill and has a breathtaking backdrop of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The lake is reported to be the "warmest lake in the Kootenays" with many popular beaches run by BC Parks. Tourists visit Wasa Lake in the summer for waterskiing, swimming, wind surfing, and fishing. Perch, Pumpkinseed Sunfish and Largemouth bass fishing are available in this freshwater lake.</p><br>
<p>Col de la Croix de Fer   is a high mountain pass in the French Alps linking Le Bourg-d&#39;Oisans and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.</p><br>
<h2>Details of climb</h2><br>
<p>The approach from the northeast from Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is 29.5 km at an average gradient of 5.5% with some sections at 9.5%, and the one from the southwest from Rochetaillée 31.5 km at an average gradient of 5.75% with short sections in excess of 11%. When coming from Rochetaillée, the road forks 2.5 km before the summit, leading to the Col du Glandon. There is also an approach from the north from La Chambre via Col du Glandon which is the hardest: 22.7 km at an average gradient of 7.0% (this is the route used for the 2012 Tour de France).</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The pass has featured in the Tour de France nineteen times since it was first passed in the 1947 tour when the race was led over the summit by Fermo Camellini. It was crossed on Stage 11 of the 2012 race, between Albertville and La Toussuire-Les Sybelles. In the 2015 race it was passed twice in the two finale mountain stages stage 19 between Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to La Toussuire - Les Sybelles, and from the other side in stage 20 between Modane to Alpe d&#39;Huez. The route for stage 20 was changed in June 2015 caused by a landslide in April so Col de la Croix de Fer substitutes both Col du Télégraphe and Col du Galibier.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>Aslackby Preceptory in Lincolnshire lay to the south-east of Aslackby Church. Until about 1891 a tower, possibly of the preceptory church, together with a vaulted undercroft, survived as part the Temple farmhouse. Temple farmhouse was subsequently rebuilt and a 15th-century window and a stone pinnacle remain in the garden</p><br>
<h2>History of the preceptory</h2><br>
<p>The preceptory was, according to William Dugdale, founded either in or before 1164. This is recorded in Dugdale’s Monasticom, which states that Hubert de Rye presented the Templars with church of Aslackby with its chapel "in the year when Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury departed from the King at Northampton" – i.e., 1164. After the order was suppressed in the first decade of the 14th century, the property passed to Temple Bruer.</p><br>
<h2>The Templars</h2><br>
<p>The word preceptory is used for the community of the Knights Templar which lived on one of the order&#39;s estates in the charge of its preceptor. From that its meaning was extended to include the estate and its buildings. The one at Aslackby was founded in 1192. Little of its structure survives, but early descriptions and sketches indicate that its church was like that at Temple Bruer Preceptory, a chancel with an apsidal east end and a round nave to its west. This was a standard design for Templar churches, in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The best-known example in England is the Temple Church at the western end of the City of London. Later, towers were built at both the Lincolnshire churches, the one at Aslackby apparently around 1200, on the south side of the round nave.</p><br>
<p>In 1192 there was already a village with a small castle. The honour of Craon was divided, and one third of a knight’s fee was granted to the Templars who managed it from Aslackby CW - U.T.</p><br>
<h2>The Hospitallers</h2><br>
<p>When the order was disbanded in 1312, most of the property was transferred to another order, the Knights Hospitaller. Whereas the Templars had been established to protect people on pilgrimages to Jerusalem, the Hospitallers had the additional concern of providing accommodation for them. Under the Hospitallers, the equivalent of a preceptory was a commandery, but Aslackby was not managed by the Hospitallers in this way. After 1312, the property was managed by leasing it out. Until the dissolution of the Hospitallers order in England in 1540–41, the Aslackby estate was supervised from Temple Bruer, so the buildings lost their higher status use from the early 14th century, unlike most English monastic buildings, which were in use until the 16th century. In 1539, the buildings were said to be in ruins. After the Hospitallers houses in England were dissolved, the Aslackby lands were transferred into the secular hands of Lord Clinton.</p><br>
<h2>Evidence for the Medieval Preceptory</h2><br>
<p>In 1789 Richard Gough in his revision of Camden states that the Preceptory might only have commenced when John Le Marshall, the heir to Hubert de Rye granted a messuage or principal dwelling in 1193. He goes on to state ‘‘Here was round church, now rebuilt as a farm house, and still called the Temple’. This would suggest that there was a local memory of a round church, similar to Temple Bruer Preceptory and that it may not have been finally demolished until the 18th century. Shortly after this in 1791John Byng the diarist, who later became Viscount Torrington, visited Temple farm. He records a turreted building and I was civilly shewn into the lower room, now a dairy, curiously arch’d with stone, and with coats of arms in the centre. Around this house was a great park, well timber’d and stock’d with deer, which was destroyed about eighty years ago. Byng also made a sketch of the tower with an arched doorway at ground level. In 1808 John Moore, the historian of the nearby town of Bourne, Lincolnshire published a note about Aslackby Preceprtory in The Gentleman&#39;s Magazine and promised a engraving of the Preceptory in the second part the History of the Hundred of Aveland. This was not published, but about 1835 an engraving of the village of Aslackby by W.Watkins from a sketch by J. B. Topham was published. This shows the Temple Farm and the Preceptory tower.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of the 19th century its condition was giving concern and Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) attempted to get the owners to restore the building, but demolition took place as it was thought to be too dangerous. Detailed drawings of the tower were made. It is noted that a number of architectural fragments were taken to a garden in Horbling. These fragments must be the arch from the lower floor of the tower which are at the Old Rectory, Horbling, and are now a Grade II listed structure.</p><br>
<p>Kálamos , is a mountainous island and a former community in the Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lefkada, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies east of Lefkada, near the Greek mainland. It has an overwintering population of around 500 people, which is swelled substantially in the summer by tourists. The name Kalamos means reed in Greek and the presence of this plant along its coastline in the past may have given its name.Another version is that the island had several beaches with good sand hence the name given. Its population was 496 at the 2011 census. The land area is 24.964 km², and its highest point is 754 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The main settlement on the island is the port town of Kálamos (pop. 454) on the east coast of the island. A regular ferry service connects the island to Mytikas on the mainland. Episkopi (pop. 42) is the only other inhabited village on the island along with Kastro. The village of Kefali, also known by its Venetian name Porto Leone, was abandoned following the 1953 Ionian earthquake. The main church is still in use and still houses the sacred image of the virgin Mary that is also considered a miracle worker. The church and the image celebrate twice a year (one on 30 June and the other on 15 August). A religious celebration on that day is preceded and followed by traditional celebrations with folk music. People from the island and all the surrounding area come to attend.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, the water system was rebuilt and now every household has running water. As well, in recent years, all the foot paths that were once dirt have been upgraded to stone or pavement. Kalamos, once a remote island without electricity or a proper water system, now has all the conveniences of the mainland. The nearest lyceum (middle school) and gymnasium (secondary school) are in Aetolia-Acarnania where all of the students from the latter categories attend. There is a public kindergarten, elementary and primary school in the main village of Kalamos where all of the children permanently resident on the island attend.</p><br>
<p>The island is easily reached from the mainland by a regular ferry service from the nearby port of Mytikas in Aetoloakarnania, year round.</p><br>
<p>The island is geographically situated in the core of the inner Ionian marine protected area, the largest marine protected area in Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Slieve Foy or Slieve Foye  is the highest peak of a ridge of mountains collectively referred to as Carlingford Mountain, which rises near the town of Carlingford, County Louth, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Slieve Foy rises to an elevation of 589 metres and is the highest peak in County Louth. The chain of mountains of which it is a part rises at The Foxes Rock (404m) and runs for roughly 6 km in a south-easterly direction, culminating in Slieve Foy itself.</p><br>
<p>Carlingford Mountain ridge is one of two ridges on the Cooley Peninsula which together make up the Cooley Mountains. Slieve Foy looks directly across Carlingford Lough to the Mourne Mountains in Ulster.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area is steeped in legend, one of which is the Battle for the Brown bull of Cooley when Cú Chulainn invoked the right for single combat and fought all of Queen Medbhs forces in the narrow gully formed by a geological fault, now christened Medbhs Gap and the profile of the mountain is said to resemble a sleeping giant, thought by some to be Finn MacCumhaill (Finn McCool).</p><br>
<p>The Southwest Museum of the American Indian is a museum, library, and archive located in the Mt. Washington area of Los Angeles, California. It is part of the Autry National Center. Its collections deal mainly with Native Americans. However, it also has an extensive collection of pre-Hispanic, Spanish colonial, Latino, and Western American art and artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Major collections include rooms devoted to 1) American Indians of the Great Plains, 2) American Indians of California, and 3) American Indians of the Northwest Coast.</p><br>
<p>Public transportation is available, such as the Metro Gold Line, which stops down the hill from the museum at the Southwest Museum station. About a block from the Gold Line stop, there is an entrance on Museum Drive that opens to a long tunnel formerly filled with dioramas, since removed by the Autry Museum and stored in an undisclosed location. At the end of the tunnel, there is an elevator that ascends to the lower lobby of the Museum. Parking is available up the driveway in a large lot level with the upper section of the Museum with a spectacular view of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Fletcher Lummis was an anthropologist, historian, journalist, and photographer who created the Southwest Society, which was the western branch of the Archaeological Institute of America. He gained the support of city leaders, and with the financial backing of attorney Joseph Scott and opened the Southwest Museum in 1907. The museum moved from Downtown Los Angeles to its current location in Mt. Washington in 1914, and has been there ever since.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 building was designed by architects Sumner P. Hunt and Silas Reese Burns. Later additions to the museum include the Caroline Boeing Poole Wing of Basketry (completed 1941), by architect Gordon B. Kaufmann, and the Braun Research Library (1971), by architect Glen E. Cook.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Russell Burnham, the highly decorated military scout and father of the international scouting movement, was an early president.</p><br>
<h2>Current Status</h2><br>
<p>The building is currently being used for conservation work of the collection. One gallery is open to the public on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., with events and exhibitions also taking place on other parts of the campus. Autry has been conserving and moving most of the collection to a new state-of-the-art home in Burbank. Following years of controversy with the Friends of the Southwest Museum and other local community organizations, the Autry began a partnership with the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the City of Los Angeles to develop a long-term plate for the site. On January 22nd, 2015 the Southwest Museum was designated a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.In January 2016, an exhibition of contemporary artwork opened in the building&#39;s tunnel entrance</p><br>
<p>The Rajgir hills, also known as "Rajhara" hills, lie near the city of Rajgir in central regions of the Indian state of Bihar.It is surrounded by five hills named Ratnagiri, Vipalachal, Vaibhagiri, Songiri and Udaygiri. It is an important Buddhist, Hindu and Jain pilgrimage site.</p><br>
<p>The hills consist of two parallel ridges extending around 65 km. At their highest point, the hills rise to an altitude of 388 meters, but most of the hills are around 300 meters high. Between these two ridges lie a number of places of historical importance, dating from the period of the Mahabharata, Gautam Buddha, Mahavira, Mauryas and the Guptas. The hills are sacred in both Buddhism and Jainism because of their association with the religions&#39; respective founders, the historical Gautama Buddha and Mahavira. Therefore, the hills have often been the destination of religious pilgrimage for Jains and Hindus alike. There are multiple tourist spots spread around rajgir hills.</p><br>
<p>Because the spot was protected by two parallel ridges, Ajatashatru made it the capital of the north Indian empire Magadha in the 5th century BCE, naming it Rajgriha. Ajatsatru occupied the throne by imprisoning his father, the king Bimbisara. Bimbisara, who had been converted to Buddhism by the Buddha himself, requested that his prison be constructed near a small hillock so that he could watch the Buddha passing by in the morning and evening.</p><br>
<p>In modern day, visitors can follow a ropeway to the top of the hill to visit the Buddhist Shrine, Peace Pagoda, near where the Buddha is believed to have preached the Lotus Sutra. On the descent, viewers can see the Vulture&#39;s Peak (Gridhra-kuta), where Buddha was said to have rested after the day&#39;s preaching.</p><br>
<p>About four kilometers from Peace Pagoda is the Brahma Kund (one of several sacred sites throughout India of the same name). Here, hot water from seven different springs (together called Saptarshi, or seven sages) merge. The Brahma Kund is associated with healing power, likely due to the sulfur in the hot springs.there are also hot spring like surya kund which is famous for repair skin disease.there is also akhara of king jarasandh.It is also having so many temple of jain and budha like naulakha mandir, lal mandir, virayatan, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Venice is a gulf that borders modern-day Italy, Slovenia and Croatia, and is at the north of the Adriatic Sea between the delta of the Po river in northern Italy and the Istria peninsula in Croatia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>On average the gulf is 34 meters deep. It is the home of the popular destination island Albarella. The Tagliamento, Piave, Adige, Isonzo, Dragonja, and Brenta rivers run into it. Major cities that lie on it are Venice, Trieste, Koper, Chioggia and Pula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In antiquity the gulf was southern terminus of Amber Road. The Gulf of Venice gets its name from when the Venetian Republic was at the height of its power, at this time that state encompassed most of the northern Adriatic Sea.</p><br>
<p>Gortyn, Gortys or Gortyna  is a municipality and an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete, 45 km away from the modern capital Heraklion. The seat of the municipality is the village Agioi Deka. Gortyn, the Roman capital of Creta et Cyrenaica, was first inhabited around 3200 BC.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the valley of Messara in the south of the Psiloritis mountain, in the current position of the settlements of Metropolis and Agioi Deka, and near the Libyan Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Gortyna was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Agia Varvara</p><br>
<p>Gortyna</p><br>
<p>Kofinas</p><br>
<p>Rouvas</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 464.841 km&sup2, the municipal unit 158.310 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is evidence of human occupation in Gortyn as far back as the Neolithic era (7000 BC). Many artifacts have been found from the Minoan period, as well as some from the Dorian (c. 1100 BC). Although it is disputed whether the city was in development during the Minoan period, it is true that the city was in existence during the heroic times, because it is referenced by Homer, among the cities of Crete that were flourishing and were well fortified. The city was complimented by Plato and many others. The city of Gortyn surpassed the prominence of Phaistos during the first millennium BC, Phaistos having been the most significant city on Crete during Minoan times. The period of its great prosperity, however, coincided with the Hellenistic era. Gortyn was the most powerful and prosperous city of Crete and took hegemony of the island, dominating the entire valley from Messara to Levina.</p><br>
<p>During the Lyttian War in 220 BC the Gortynians were divided by civil strife. The elder Gortynians remained loyal to their traditional ally Cnossus, while the younger favoured the Lyttians. Reinforced by a contingent of Aetolians, the Cnossians marched to Gortys and the elders there led them to occupy their citadel. Then they resolved to kill or expel their younger opponents. The young Gortynians took refuge in the port of Phaistos and some time later they launched an attack against the port of Gortys, which they occupied in order to besiege their opponents in the citadel of Gortys.</p><br>
<p>Later in the 2nd century after the destruction of Phaistos, extended its power to Matala. Gortyn had excellent relations with Ptolemy IV of Egypt, and experienced a new period of prosperity during the Roman period. As it had allied with the Romans, it avoided the disaster that happened to many other Cretan cities, when invaded by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus in 68 BC.</p><br>
<p>Gortyn continued to rise under Roman rule, and became the capital of the joint province of Creta et Cyrenaica. From the 4th century it was the capital of a separate province of Crete. The city was destroyed in ca. AD 828 by invading Arabs, who established their own state on the island. One of the first Christian temples was built here and the remains of an important Christian cathedral of Crete can still be seen today. This cathedral, dedicated to St. Titus, the first Bishop of Crete, was erected in the 6th century AD. Built with large isodomic stones, this cathedral keeps its intended height only in the areas of the Holy Bema and in pastophoria. The church structure is a cruciform with a dome which is based on four pillars.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Excavations of Gortyn were begun in 1884 by the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens.</p><br>
<p>The excavations showed that Gortyn was inhabited from the Neolithic age. Ruins of a settlement on the citadel of Gortyn, were discovered and dated back to 1050 BC, their collapse dating to the seventh century BC. Later the area was fortified with a wall. At the top of the hill in the citadel a temple was found dating to the 7th century BC. In this area two embossed plates were found, along with several other sculptures and paintings. Daedalic plastic and many other clay figurines, black and red figure paintings and plenty of pottery, especially the type called kernos, were found in the temple. Graves dating to the geometric age were found on the south side of the citadel. Regarding the lower town, the excavation uncovered the position of the Agora (market) and the temple of Pythian Apollo, which is 600 meters from the Agora. At the foot of Prophet Elias are traces of a sanctuary of Demeter. 35&deg;3&prime;48&Prime;N latitude, 24&deg;56&prime;49&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>The heart of Roman Gortyn is the Praetorium, the seat of the Roman Governor of Crete. The Praetorium was built in the 1st century AD, but it was altered significantly over the next eight centuries. In the same area, between the Agora and the temple of Apollo are the ruins of the Roman baths (thermae), as well as the temple of Apollo, an honorary arch, and the temple of the Egyptian deities with the worship statues of Isis, Serapis and Anubis. Parts of the Roman settlement, such as the theater (2nd century AD), have been unearthed during excavations. The theater has two entrances and a half-circular orchestra, the outline of which may still be seen today. Behind the Roman Theater are what has been called the "Queen of the Inscriptions". These inscriptions are the laws of the city of Gortyn, which are inscribed in the Dorian dialect on large stone slabs and are still plainly visible.</p><br>
<h2>Law code</h2><br>
<p>Among archaeologists, ancient historians, and classicists Gortyn is known today primarily because of the 1884 discovery of the Gortyn Code which is both the oldest and most complete known example of a code of ancient Greek law.</p><br>
<p>The code was discovered on the site of a structure built by the Roman emperor Trajan, the Odeon, which for the second time, reused stones from an inscription-bearing wall that also had been incorporated into the foundation of an earlier Hellenistic structure. Although portions of the inscriptions have been placed in museums such as the Louvre in Paris, a modern structure at the site of the mostly ruined Odeon now houses many of the stones bearing the famous law code."</p><br>
<p>A copy of the code has been returned to Athens by the Italian Museum in Taranto and is now housed in the Greek Bouli. The curator of the Taranto Museum spoke in Greek and told the famous and political guests that, "Greece is not part of Europe, it is Europe."</p><br>
<h2>Myth of Europa and Zeus</h2><br>
<p>Classical Greek mythology has it that Gortyn was the site of one of Zeus&#39; many affairs. This myth features the princess Europa, whose name has been applied to the continent, Europe. Disguised as a bull, Zeus abducted Europa from Lebanon and they had an affair under a plane tree (platanus),Yves Bonnefoy, Greek and Egyptian Mythologies (1992) University of Chicago</p><br>
<p>Press a tree that may be seen today in Gortys. Following this affair three children were born, Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon, who became the kings of the three Minoan Palaces in Crete. The identification of Europa in this myth gives weight to the claim that the civilization of the European continent was born on the island of Crete. A colossal statue of Europa sitting on the back of a bull was discovered at the amphitheatre in Gortyn in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of the British Museum. Many coins were found with Europa representations on the back, showing that the people honored Europa as a great goddess.</p><br>
<h2>The Odyssey</h2><br>
<p>According to Book III of Homer&#39;s The Odyssey, Menelaus and his fleet of ships, returning home from the Trojan War, were blown off course to the Gortyn coastline. Homer describes stormy seas that pushed the ships against a sharp reef, ultimately destroying many of the vessels but sparing the crew.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Thaletas (7th century BC), musician</p><br>
<p>Saint Titus (d.107), Bishop of Crete and saint</p><br>
<p>Philip of Gortyna (d.180), Bishop of Gortyn and saint</p><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery is a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, located in Washington, D.C., and focuses on American craft and decorative arts from the 19th to the 21st century. It is housed in a National Historic Landmark building that was begun in 1859 on Pennsylvania Avenue and originally housed the Corcoran Gallery of Art . When it was built in 1859, it was known as "the American Louvre".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery building was originally built to be Washington, D.C.s first art museum and to house William Wilson Corcorans collection of American and European art. The building was designed by James Renwick, Jr. and finally completed in 1874. It is located at 1661 Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Renwick designed it after the Louvre&#39;s Tuileries addition. At the time of its construction, it was known as "the American Louvre".</p><br>
<p>The building was near completion when the Civil War broke out and was seized by the USA Army in August 1861 as a temporary military warehouse for the records and uniforms for the Quarter Master General&#39;s Corps. In 1864, General Montgomery C. Meigs converted the building into his headquarters office.</p><br>
<p>On May 10, 1869, the building was returned to Corcoran, and, on January 19, 1874, the Corcoran Gallery of Art opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, President Johnson signed an executive order transferring the Renwick building to the Smithsonian Institution for use as a "gallery of arts, craft and design." After a renovation, it opened in 1972 as the home of the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s contemporary craft program. The Renwick Gallery is now a branch of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, housing the museum&#39;s collection of decorative art and crafts.</p><br>
<h3>Closure for 2013-2015 renovation</h3><br>
<p>Renwick Gallery closed December 9, 2013, in order to permit a major renovation of the historic structure. The building was slightly damaged during the 2011 Washington D.C. earthquake, and the construction process required reworking of the original infrastructure. The museum reopened on November 13, 2015 with an exhibition entitled Wonder featuring site-specific instillation by nine artists. The architectural renovation was led by Westlake Reed Leskosky, a Cleveland, Ohio-based architecture and engineering firm and construction was overseen by Consigli Construction Co. of Milford, Massachusetts. Fundraising for the renovation began in 2013, and was completed in June 2014 when local real estate developer David Rubenstein donated $5.4 million toward the project. Smithsonian officials renamed the gallerys Grand Salon in Rubensteins honor.</p><br>
<p>The renovation included replacing all HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and fire-suppression systems; upgrades to security, phone, and data systems (including wifi installation throughout the building); restoring the original window configuration; restoring two vaulted ceilings on the second floor; reconfiguring the basement for staff offices and workshops; The four other firms which competed for the renovation job and made it to the final round but were not selected were Marlon Blackwell Architect, Studio Odile Decq, Vinci Hamp Architects, and Westlake Reed Leskosky.</p><br>
<h3>Reopening</h3><br>
<p>The Renwick Gallery opened its doors after renovation on Friday, November 13, 2015. Admission is free. The gallery is open daily from 10:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. The gallery&#39;s visitors have almost doubled due to the popularity of the "Wonder" exhibition.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>The first-floor gallery typically featured temporary exhibits that rotated about twice a year. One commentator said, the crafts displayed "are high art, not everyday objects." Historically, the second floor Grand Salon has been one of the most famous art-filled rooms in Washington. For much of the museum&#39;s history, it was hung with 70 paintings by 51 American artists, most of them artworks created between 1840 and 1930, including landscapes, sentimental portraits, and classical themes, as well as portraits of tribal Native Americans by George Catlin. Since November 2015, the paintings are no longer on display, and the formal curtains, red carpeting, and red velvet furniture have all been removed.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the Renwick Gallery hosted an exhibition called "40 Under 40: Craft Futures", which featured 40 artists in "boundary-pushing interpretations of glass, fiber, ceramic, wood and other materials challenge the traditional process-oriented notion of the craft medium by incorporating performance, interactivity and politics."</p><br>
<h3>"Wonder"</h3><br>
<p>In November 2015, an exhibition called "Wonder" opened in celebration of the completion of a two-year renovation of the Renwick Gallery. The exhibition featured nine major contemporary artists invited to install site-specific works on the theme of wonder in the nine exhibition spaces of the gallery. The artists chosen were Jennifer Angus, Chakaia Booker, Gabriel Dawe, Tara Donovan, Patrick Dougherty, Janet Echelman, John Grade, Maya Lin, and Leo Villareal.</p><br>
<p>The artists were given freedom to create their installations. Angus piece, "In the Midnight Garden," featured over 5,000 bugs - beetles, moths, and cicadas Bookers "Anonymous Donor" was made up of old tires and stainless steel. Dawes "Plexus A1" weaved a rainbow into the middle of one of the Renwicks rooms. Donovan made her installation out of thousands of index cards. Echelman based her piece off of images from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that showed the impact of waves during the 2011 Japan tsunami. Grade reassembled a mold of a hemlock tree over a century year old. The piece is called "Middle Fork." Lin chose to map out the Chesapeake Bay using marbles. Villareal&#39;s LED chandelier hangs from the top of the Renwick ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Since January 2016, over 176,000 people have visited the gallery. It was criticized for being inconsistent with the Renwick&#39;s commitment to American craft.</p><br>
<h3>Renwick Invitational</h3><br>
<p>The Renwick Craft Invitational is a biennial assessment of contemporary fine craft. The 2016 exhibition featured works by Steven Young Lee, Kristen Morgin, Jennifer Trask, and Norwood Viviano.</p><br>
<h2>Public programs</h2><br>
<p>Since 2011, the Renwick has hosted a quarterly "Handi-hour," a crafting-themed happy hour event, inspired by the DIY movement. In addition to craft activities for patrons, the 21+ event features craft beers selected by Greg Engert of the ChurchKey restaurant and pub in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>Notable artists in the collection</h2><br>
<p>A number of well-known, critically acclaimed artists had works in the Renwick Gallery&#39;s collection, as of the November 2015 reopening most are no longer on display. Among them are:</p><br>
<p>Margaret Boozer&#39;s Eight Red Bowls Maryland terra cotta and pine sculpture.</p><br>
<p>Wendell Castles Ghost Clock cloaks time with trompe loeil.</p><br>
<p>Dale Chihuly&#39;s famous glass globules float in their sandbox sanctuaries.</p><br>
<p>Arline Fisch&#39;s silver Body Ornament</p><br>
<p>Larry Fuente&#39;s Game Fish made from a mounted sailfish and game accessories, such as dice, poker chips, domino tiles, Scrabble letters, yo-yos, badminton shuttlecocks and Ping-Pong balls.</p><br>
<p>Sam Maloof&#39;s furniture</p><br>
<p>Maria Martinez</p><br>
<p>Albert Paley</p><br>
<p>Judith Schaechter&#39;s A Little Torcher, a stained-glass creation depicting pyromania.</p><br>
<p>Kim Schmahmann&#39;s 1993-99 Bureau of Bureaucracy, which is a "wooden cabinet full of cupboards to nowhere, bottomless drawers, drawers within drawers, hidden compartments, and more, a wonderful metaphor for the labyrinthine workings of government".</p><br>
<p>Mānana Island is an uninhabited islet located 0.75 mi off Kaupō Beach, near Makapuu at the eastern end of the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. In the Hawaiian language, mānana means "buoyant". The islet is commonly referred to as Rabbit Island, because its shape as seen from the nearby Oahu shore looks something like a rabbit&#39;s head and because it was once inhabited by introduced rabbits. The rabbit colony was established by John Adams Cummins in the 1880s when he ran the nearby Waimānalo plantation.</p><br>
<p>The rabbits were eradicated about a hundred years later because they were destroying the native ecosystem, an important seabird breeding area.</p><br>
<p>Mānana is a tuff cone with two vents or craters. The highest point on the islet rises to 361 ft. The island is 2,319 ft long and 2,147 ft wide and has an area of about 63 acre. Mānana’s only sand beach is a small storm beach on the west to south-west (leeward) side of the islet. This sand deposit, located above the reach of the normal waves, is about 30 ft wide and curves around to the western side of the island.</p><br>
<p>Manana was formed by the Honolulu Volcanic Series. These series of eruptions are responsible for creating other tuff cones such as Punchbowl Crater.</p><br>
<p>Mānana is a State Seabird Sanctuary&mdash;home to over 10,000 wedge-tailed shearwaters, 80,000 sooty terns, 20,000 brown noddys, 5–10 Bulwer&#39;s petrels, and 10–15 red-tailed tropicbirds, and numerous Hawaiian monk seals. It is illegal to land on the islet without permission from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Saddarvazeh  or Hecatompylos  was an ancient city of uncertain location which was the capital of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty by 200 BCE. The Greek name Hekatompylos means "one hundred gates" and the Persian term has the same meaning. The title was commonly used for cities which had more than the traditional four gates. It may be understood better as the "Many Gated". Most scholars locate it at Sahr -e Qumis, in the Qumis region in west Khurasan, Iran.</p><br>
<p>Alexander the Great stopped here in the summer of 330 BCE and it became part of the Seleucid Empire after his death. The Parni tribe took the city around 238 BCE and made it one of the first capitals of their Parthian Empire. It was mentioned as the royal city of the Parthians by a number of classical writers including Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, although the Parthians seemed to have used a number of cities as their "capital" at different periods.</p><br>
<p>It is estimated to have had an area of 28 km&sup2; at its peak, which would indicate a population in the tens of thousands.</p><br>
<p>Qumis was destroyed by an earthquake in 856 AD, and it was probably abandoned afterwards. The site of this ancient city is now called Šahr-e Qumis (شهر قومس), between Semnan and Damqan in the Semnan Province.</p><br>
<h2>Modern development</h2><br>
<p>In 2011 plans for an "International Project of Tourism & Recreational City" were published, using the name of Hecatompylos. The project envisions using an area of 250 hectare close to the city of Damghan, which would place the resort at about 30 km northeast of the historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Villa Philmonte is a large ranch home located outside of Cimarron, New Mexico, on Philmont Scout Ranch, owned by the Boy Scouts of America.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Villa was built in 1926 by oil magnate Waite Phillips who used it to oversee his 300,000 acre cattle ranch in northeast New Mexico. It was built in a Mission and Spanish Colonial motif befitting the American Southwest. Phillips named the house by combining the first half of his name with monte, the Spanish word for mountain. In addition to the Villa, Phillips built several other retreats on his ranch’s property, including Fish Camp on the Agua Fria Creek and Hunting Lodge near Cimarroncito (now Philmont Scout Ranch camps).</p><br>
<p>Phillips donated the Villa, along with 91,538 acre of land and the Philtower office building in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to the Boy Scouts in 1941, supplementing a 1938 gift of 35,857 acre that had created the Philmont Rocky Mountain Scout camp, near Cimarron, New Mexico. The Boy Scouts of America has operated the property since that time and has opened the Villa to Scouts and visitors as a museum. Regularly scheduled tours are offered during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The Villa is lavishly furnished, and retains many of Phillips’ original furnishings and collections, including particularly notable displays of antiques and weapons. The building features a large courtyard with a fountain in the center, large columns, and numerous porticoes. The interior was decorated using an eclectic mix of European, American, and Southwestern furnishings. The grand piano in the entrance worth an estimated $200,000.</p><br>
<p>A small window on the second floor that looks towards the ranch was added to the house by Phillips after construction was completed. He wanted the window added so he could view a large rock formation on a nearby mountain. The rock was subsequently named Window Rock.</p><br>
<p>A display window on the stairs between the first and second floor shows a landscape of saguaro cacti and a wagon being pulled by horses. In fact, wagons on the Santa Fe Trail were pulled by oxen, and there are no saguaro cacti in the area of the ranch.</p><br>
<p>The North Col refers to the sharp-edged pass carved by glaciers in the ridge connecting Mount Everest and Changtse in Tibet, It forms the head of the East Rongbuk Glacier.</p><br>
<p>When climbers attempt to climb Everest via the North ridge (Tibet), the first camp on the mountain itself (traditional Camp IV, modern Camp I) is established on the North Col. From this point at approximately 7,020 m above sea level, climbers ascend the North Ridge to reach a series of progressively higher camps along the North Face of Everest. Climbers make their final push to the summit from Camp VI at 8,230 meters (27,001 ft) altitude.</p><br>
<p>The North Col was first climbed by George Mallory, Edward Oliver Wheeler and Guy Bullock on September 23, 1921 during the British reconnaissance expedition. This was the first time a Westerner had set foot on Mount Everest. Although long credited to Mallory, discovery of the North Col was in fact made by Wheeler about a week before Mallory himself confirmed its existence while searching for possible routes to the summit of Mount Everest. All subsequent expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s attempted to reach the summit of Everest by using the North Col.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>This map is inverted; south is up and north is down. The North Col is lower than South Col, and farther from the Everest peak.</p><br>
<p>Swyre Head is the highest point of the Purbeck Hills and the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The hill Swyre Head lies about 2 km southwest of the village Kingston, about 5 km south of Corfe Castle and 8 km west of Swanage.</p><br>
<p>Although not very high, its relative height is such that it nearly qualifies as a Marilyn. The chalk hill is part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation.</p><br>
<p>Swyre Head by Kingston should not be confused with another Dorset hill called Swyre Head, at an elevation of 98 m, on the coast, located at, to the west of Durdle Door. The two Swyre Heads are about four hours walk apart from each other; that is, 18 km.</p><br>
<p>The hill commands extensive views, including west past the Isle of Portland to Dartmoor, and east to the Isle of Wight, as well as north across the Purbeck Hills to Poole Harbour and the other Purbeck Marilyn, Nine Barrow Down. To the west, the folly of Clavell Tower can also be seen.</p><br>
<p>Set back about 800 metres (half a mile) from the coast, the hill is not on the South West Coast Path, but can be reached easily from the villages of Kingston or Kimmeridge.</p><br>
<p>The hill has a trig point marked as 203 metres on Ordnance Survey maps, but a tumulus, now fully grassed over, forms the highest point, 208 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni is a Neolithic subterranean structure dating to the Saflieni phase  in Maltese prehistory, located in Paola, Malta. It is often simply referred to as the Hypogeum , literally meaning "underground" in Greek. The Hypogeum is thought to have been a sanctuary and necropolis, with the remains of more than 7,000 individuals documented by archeologists, and is among the best preserved examples of the Maltese temple building culture that also produced the Megalithic Temples and Xagħra Stone Circle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hypogeum was discovered by accident in 1902 when workers cutting cisterns for a new housing development broke through its roof. The workers tried to hide the temple at first, but eventually it was found. The study of the structure was first conducted by Manuel Magri, who directed the excavations on behalf of the Museums Committee, starting from November 1903. During the excavations, a portion of the contents of the Hypogeum, including grave goods and human remains, were emptied out and discarded without being properly catalogued. To confound things further, Magri died in 1907 while conducting missionary work in Tunisia and his report on the Hypogeum was lost.</p><br>
<p>Excavation continued under Sir Themistocles Zammit, who attempted to salvage what he could. The Hypogeum was first opened to visitors in 1908 while the excavations were ongoing.</p><br>
<p>Later archeological excavations indicate there was once a surface shrine that marked the entrance to the Hypogeum, with its subsequent destruction likely shielding the lower structure from discovery for thousands of years. The underground structure may have originated from a natural cave, expanded over time by cutting directly into the rock with crude tools including antlers, flint, chert and obsidian. Burial chambers in the upper level of the Hypogeum date from the early phases of the Maltese Temple Period, with lower chambers dating from later. The site may have first been used as early as 4000 BC, and was likely used until around 2500 BC, based on pottery sample analysis and examination of human remains.</p><br>
<p>The temple structure uses a careful direction of light from the surface to penetrate into the lower chambers, with intricate patterns painted on portions of the ceiling with red ocher, following motifs of spots, spirals and honeycombs. A resonance niche cut in the middle chamber, called the Oracle Room, was possibly designed to project chanting or drumming throughout the rest of the Hypogeum.</p><br>
<p>A broad range of objects were recovered from the site, including intricately decorated pottery vessels, stone and clay beads, shell buttons, amulets, axe-heads, and carved figures depicting humans and animals. The most notable discovery was the Sleeping Lady, a clay figure thought to represent a mother goddess. The figures range from abstract to realistic in style, with major themes thought to be related to veneration of the dead and spiritual transformation. Complex artistic techniques are also represented, as in the case of a single large pottery bowl which utilized both naturalistic and stylized themes, with one side realistically depicting bovines, pigs and goats, and the other side representing hatched animals hidden within complex geometric patterns.</p><br>
<p>The remains of some 7,000 individuals were found in the Hypogeum, and though many of the bones were lost early in excavation, most of the skulls were deposited at the National Museum. A small percentage of the skulls have an abnormal cranial elongation, similar to priestly skulls from Ancient Egypt, fueling speculation about the people who occupied the Hypogeum, and their practices and beliefs.</p><br>
<p>Further excavations took place between 1990 and 1993 by Anthony Pace, Nathaniel Cutajar and Reuben Grima. The Hypogeum was then closed to visitors between 1991 and 2000 for restoration works; and since its reopening, Heritage Malta (the government body that looks after historical sites) allows entry to only 80 people per day, while the sites microclimate is strictly regulated. Scientific research on the Hypogeum is ongoing, and in 2014, an international team of scientists visited to study acoustics.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Hypogeum is constructed entirely underground and consists of three superimposed levels hewn into soft globigerina limestone, with its halls and chambers interconnected through a labyrinthine series of steps, lintels and doorways. The upper level is thought to have been occupied first, with the middle and lowers levels expanded and excavated later. Some of the middle chambers appear to share stylistic characteristics with the contemporaneous Megalithic Temples found across Malta.</p><br>
<h3>Upper level</h3><br>
<p>The first level is only ten metres below the surface, and it is very similar to tombs found in Xemxija, near St. Paul&#39;s Bay. Some rooms are natural caves which were later artificially extended. This level consists of many chambers, some of which were used for burial.</p><br>
<h3>Middle level</h3><br>
<p>The second level is a later expansion, with the rock hoisted up to the surface by Cyclopean rigging. This level features several noted rooms:</p><br>
<p>Main Chamber: This chamber is roughly circular and carved out from rock. A number of trilithon entrances are represented, some blind, and others leading to another chamber. Most of the wall surface has received a red wash of ochre. It was from this room that the Sleeping Lady was recovered.</p><br>
<p>Oracle Room: This is roughly rectangular and one of the smallest side chambers. It has the peculiarity of producing a powerful acoustic resonance from any vocalization made inside it. This room has an elaborately painted ceiling, consisting of spirals in red ochre with circular spots and spirals.</p><br>
<p>Decorated Room: Near the Oracle Room is another spacious hall, circular, with inward slanting smooth walls, richly decorated in a geometrical pattern of spirals. On the right side wall of the entrance is a petrosomatoglyph of a human hand carved into the rock (Agius).</p><br>
<p>Holy of Holies: Perhaps the central structure of the Hypogeum, this room appeares to be oriented toward the winter solstice, which would have illuminated its facade from the original surface openning. No bones were recovered from this room during excavations. The focal point is a porthole within a trilithon, or structure consisting of two large vertical stones, which is in turn framed within a larger trilithon and yet another large trilithon. The corbelled ceiling has been taken as a hint that Malta&#39;s surface temples, now uncovered, could have been roofed similarly.</p><br>
<h3>Lower level</h3><br>
<p>The lower story contained no bones or offerings, only water. It strongly suggests storage, probably of grain.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Hypogeum and its museum are a popular attraction in Malta. The museum is open at 9am, but queuing for tickets starts around 8am. Some last minute tickets are occasionally available from the National War Museum, located in Valletta. Visitors are recommended to book weeks before, as limited people are allowed per day.</p><br>
<p>The site closed in September 2016 for a €1.1 million renovation partly financed by a grant from Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. The renovated museum was inaugurated by Minister for Culture Owen Bonnici on 28 April 2017 and includes a new climate control system for the Hypogeum as well as an expanded visitor centre. The site reopened to visitors on May 15, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Celyn is a large reservoir constructed between 1960 and 1965 in the valley of the River Tryweryn in Gwynedd, Wales. It measures roughly 2.5 miles long by 1 miles wide, and has a maximum depth of 140 ft. It has the capacity to hold 71,200,000 m&sup3; of water.</p><br>
<p>It was originally to be named Llyn Tryweryn Mawr (meaning "Great Tryweryn Lake"), but in September 1964 Liverpool Corporation agreed to the name change following a letter by the Tryweryn Defence Committee.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and opposition</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the reservoir involved flooding the village of Capel Celyn and adjacent farmland, a deeply controversial move. Much of the opposition was brought about because the village was a stronghold of Welsh culture and the Welsh language, whilst the reservoir was being built to supply Liverpool and parts of the Wirral peninsula with water, rather than Wales.</p><br>
<p>Liverpool Corporations Tryweryn Reservoir Bill was presented in parliament as a private members bill in January 1957; by obtaining authority through an Act of Parliament, Liverpool City Council avoided having to gain consent from the Welsh planning authorities. The legislation enabling the development was ultimately passed despite the opposition of 35 out of 36 Welsh Members of Parliament, with the 36th (David Llywelyn, Tory MP for Cardiff North) abstaining. This led to an increase in support for the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, in the late 1950s and gave fresh impetus to Welsh devolution.</p><br>
<p>Although many doubted the need of having an official opening, this took place on 21 October 1965. Representatives came from Liverpool council, and invitations were sent to all those with family links to the valley. In view of the anticipated protest, there was a strong police presence. The ceremony in fact lasted less than 3 minutes, for protesters had cut the microphone wires, and the chants of the hundreds of protesters made the speeches inaudible.</p><br>
<p>In October 2005, Liverpool City Council passed a public apology for the incident.</p><br>
<p>The full statement reads -</p><br>
<h2>Operation of reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed in order to help maintain the flow in the River Dee, so that drinking water could be abstracted further downstream as part of the regulation Scheme. These abstractions include one at Huntington water treatment works Chester operated by United Utilities, which supplies water to Liverpool and Wirral.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is contained behind a rock gravity dam and, at its upper end, it runs between Arenig Fawr and Arenig Fach, two of the mountains of south Snowdonia.</p><br>
<p>Water is released from the reservoir into the River Tryweryn which flows into the River Dee. Most of the water passes through a small hydro-electricity plant to supply green electricity to the National Grid. The released water first flows into a stilling basin and then down the narrow and rocky valley of the River Tryweryn. This section of the river provides facilities for international level white-water canoeing, and rafting at the Canolfan Tryweryn National White-water Centre. Some water in the reservoir is held in reserve to make special release down the river for specific white-water events. Because the reservoir&#39;s principal purpose is to support low river flows in the main River Dee, the best conditions for white-water occur during long dry spells in summer when maximum releases are made. Usually the dam will release between 9 and 11 m³/s although releases as low as 2 m³/s and as high as 16 m³/s have been known. During wet weather the releases are usually throttled back to a minimal maintenance flow unless a planned release for recreational activities has been agreed.</p><br>
<p>Its four turbines are owned and run by Dwr Cymru and generate 4.38MW</p><br>
<h2>Diversions and closures of transport links</h2><br>
<p>The building of the reservoir also contributed to the final closure of the GWR branch line from Bala to Blaenau Ffestiniog. Passenger trains had ceased running in 1960, and the last freight train ran in 1961. The line was subsequently flooded by the lake, and the base of the dam also crosses it. Liverpool Council had in fact planned a railway diversion, but this was never built as the British Transport Commission had decided to close the line. As a result of this, Liverpool Council decided to contribute towards the cost of the new main road (the A4212, which was built across the pass from Bala to Trawsfynydd around the north side of the lake), and also towards the cost of a line linking the two stations in Blaenau Ffestiniog.</p><br>
<p>The Great Brăila Island  is an island on the Danube river in the Brăila County, Romania. It has on average 57.9 km length and 18.6 km width, with a total area of 710 km². The two river branches which separate it from the mainland are and .</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the West across the Vâlciu branch is the Small Brăila Island (Romanian: Insula Mică a Brăilei, actually a chain of several islands within swampy area), separated from the mainland by Vâlciu and.</p><br>
<p>Currently, 681.3 km² (94.6% of the area of island) are occupied by agricultural terrains of which 70.84 km² are irrigated and is protected by a dam having a length of 23.5 km. On the island there are two communes, Frecăţei and Mărașu, which have about 5,000 inhabitants. In the southwest is the village of Măraşu.</p><br>
<p>There was a series of swamps - Brăila Pond (Romanian: Balta Brăilei), until the Communist regime drained them and built dams using forced labour of political detainees and transformed it to an agricultural area. There were five "re-education camps" at Grădina, Lunca, Salcia, Stoienești and Strâmba Veche. The terrain proved to be fertile and it was declared a "success of Communism in Romania".</p><br>
<p>Balta Mică a Brăilei Natural Park is base on the Small Brăila Island.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canal of Alsace  is a canal in eastern France, channeling the Upper Rhine river. It is 50 kilometers  long between Kembs and Vogelgrun, and provides access to the region from the Rhine River, Basel in Switzerland, and the North Sea for barges of up to about 5000 metric tons. The Grand Canal permits the navigation of more than 30,000 boats a year between Basel and Strasbourg.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the canal began in 1932 and was completed after World War II in 1959. The canal diverts much of the water from the original bed of the fast-flowing Rhine in this area, which is almost entirely unnavigable by boats.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canal produces hydroelectric power at Kembs, Ottmarsheim, Fessenheim and Vogelgrun, supplying electricity to one of the most heavily industrialized regions in France and even to Germany. Furthermore, the canal provides enough water throughout the year to a nuclear power plant at Fessenheim, eliminating the need for cooling towers.</p><br>
<p>Kilmory Castle, also known as Kilmory House, is a large 19th-century house located just to the south of Lochgilphead, in Argyll, Argyll and Bute, on the west coast of Scotland. It is currently occupied by the headquarters of Argyll and Bute Council. The gardens are open to the public and form part of a country park on the former estate. The house is protected as a category B listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a church at Kilmory in ancient times, and in the 1550s the church and lands of Kilmory were held by the Abbot of Paisley. In 1575 the estate was owned by Donald Campbell of Kilmory, and remained in the Campbell family for over 250 years. A house may have stood here as early as the 14th century. The Campbells built a house, or extended the existing one, in 1816–20.</p><br>
<p>Eliza Campbell, the eldest daughter and co-heir of Peter Campbell, married Sir John Orde, 2nd Baronet in 1824. He purchased the estates following the death of his father in law in 1828 and of his wife in 1829. Orde demolished the modest old Campbell house and replaced it with a grand Gothic style mansion designed by architect Joseph Gordon Davis. The core of the older house was retained, but was extended into an L-plan, with new exterior and interior decoration, and a large octagonal tower at the south-west corner. Orde also greatly expanded and improved the grounds and estate, engaging William Hooker to extend the gardens in 1830. Further extensions were carried out in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Orde was buried in the private burial ground adjacent to the house in 1878. His son succeeded to the baronetcy, and changed his name to Campbell-Orde in 1880. The Campbell-Orde baronets retained the estate until 1938. It passed through several owners thereafter, and served variously as a hotel, hostel and conference centre.</p><br>
<p>In March 1949 an announcement was made that it would open in June as a national holiday centre for young people.</p><br>
<p>In July 1971 it was designated a category B listed building.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, Argyll County Council purchased the house to serve as a headquarters for Argyll and Bute District Council, which was formed in 1975. In 1995 local government was reorganised again, although Kilmory remained in use as the headquarters of the new Argyll and Bute unitary authority. An office block extension was built onto the house in 1980–82, to increase the provision of space. Fire damaged the main house the following year, and many interiors had to be refurbished.</p><br>
<p>The castle is said to be haunted by the ghost of a Green Lady.</p><br>
<p>Mount Babel is the highest peak of the René-Levasseur Island, at 952 m above sea-level, which is 590 m above the Manicouagan Reservoir level. It lies within the Louis-Babel Ecological Reserve in Quebec, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mount is named after Catholic missionary Louis Babel (1829–1912), who is said to have converted Montagnais and Naskapis.</p><br>
<p>Mount Babel is the central peak of the Manicouagan crater and was formed by the rebound of the crust after the impact of a meteor 210 million years ago. The mountain and reservoir are of particular interest to geologists due to the shock metamorphosis it endured.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Mount Babel is also a valuable research ground for biologists. One can find montane and alpine climate zones there, since meteorological conditions become increasingly extreme towards the summit. These conditions create a quick transition from boreal forest to tundra, where there can be found lichen and other arctic life forms that would normally be observed hundreds of kilometres further north.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn Army Terminal is a large complex of warehouses, offices, piers, docks, cranes, rail sidings and cargo loading equipment on 95 acre between 58th and 63rd Street in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York City. It was the largest military supply base in the United States through World War II, and was later redeveloped for commercial use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex was also known as the USA Army Military Ocean Terminal and the Brooklyn Army Base, as part of the New York Port of Embarkation. It was designed by Cass Gilbert and completed in September 1919. It was the largest military supply base in the United States through World War II. By the time the base was closed in the 1970s, over 3 million soldiers and 37 million tons of military supplies had passed through the terminal. The 95 acre complex had its own railroad line, police and fire departments. When built, it was the world&#39;s largest concrete building.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The listing includes 11 contributing buildings on an area of 97.2 acre. 58th Street separates the Army Terminal from the similar Bush Terminal.</p><br>
<p>The federal government sold the property to New York City in 1981. The city government began a total renovation of the site in 1984, and then the New York City Economic Development Corporation started leasing the property as a center for dozens of light manufacturing, warehousing and back-office businesses.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry service</h2><br>
<p>New York Water Taxi&#39;s Rockaway/Sandy Hook beach service formerly linked the 58th Street Pier at Brooklyn Army Terminal to Pier 11/Wall Street, the East 34th Street Ferry Landing, the Sandy Hook Bay Marina, and/or Riis Landing during the rush hour and on summer weekends. Ferry service at this location became very important during the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, and the 2005 New York City transit strike. This service was indefinitely suspended due to lack of funding on July 2, 2010.</p><br>
<p>In the aftermath of New York City Subway disruptions arising from Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, Brooklyn Army Terminal eventually once again saw a resumption of city-subsidized ferry service to and from Manhattan. SeaStreak, a ferry company based in New Jersey with regular service from there into New York City, began running a Monday-through-Friday ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park, Queens and Pier 11 and the East 34th Street ferry terminal, with five Rockaway-to-Manhattan runs in the morning and five Manhattan-to-Rockaway runs in the afternoon/evening, for a fare of $2, which was subsequently raised to $3.50.</p><br>
<p>A stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal was added to each of those trips starting in August 2013, due to extensive Sandy-related damage to the nearby BMT Fourth Avenue Line infrastructure in the Montague Street Tunnel and the resulting disruptions to service between Brooklyn and Manhattan from the repair work. The trip between Brooklyn Army Terminal and Manhattan takes approximately 15 minutes on the morning runs and 10 minutes on the afternoon/evening runs. Ample free commuter parking is available at the 58th Street Pier site. However, three return trips from Manhattan-to-Rockaway in the morning and from Rockaway-to-Manhattan in the afternoon/evening do not stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal. Ferry service between Brooklyn Army Terminal and Manhattan attracts an average of about 250 passengers per day, on top of the approximately 730 daily passengers riding the ferry between Rockaway and Manhattan. Since its inception, the Rockaway-Brooklyn-Manhattan ferry service has carried nearly 200,000 passengers, according to city officials</p><br>
<p>Originally intended as a stopgap alternative transportation measure only for the months until the IND Rockaway Line service was restored at the end of May in 2013, the ferry service proved to be popular with locals, and the city&#39;s contract with SeaStreak was extended several times, and the Brooklyn stop added. The subsidized service was scheduled to run through Jan. 31, 2014, although community organizations, activists and elected officials in Rockaway and in Brooklyn campaigned for a permanent extension of the service.</p><br>
<p>In late January, the city elected to extend the Rockaway-Brooklyn-Manhattan ferry service for another three months, until early May, and would at that time consider a further three-month extension, until Aug. 1, to give officials time to evaluate the ridership numbers and to determine whether to establish the service on a permanent basis. The fare was raised to $3.50 per ride during the extension period from $2 previously Local officials and activists in Rockaway and in Brooklyn planned to intensify their efforts to boost ferry ridership during this interim period in hopes of gaining a favorable decision on the possibly permanent extension of the service. When the city government announced its budget in late June 2014 for the upcoming fiscal year beginning July 1, the ferry only received a $2 million further appropriation, enough to temporarily extend it again through October, but did not receive the approximately $8 million appropriation needed to keep the service running for the full fiscal year. Local officials and community activists expressed dismay with the decision, saying it was a blow to the Rockaways as the area continues to struggle economically in the aftermath of the 2012 hurricane. A spokesperson for the city government&#39;s Economic Development Corporation said that “We will continue to examine ridership and seek a sustainable funding stream that can support the $25-$30 subsidy per trip — the highest by far of any public transportation in the city.” The ferry last ran on October 31, 2014.</p><br>
<p>On May 1, 2017, NYC Ferrys Rockaway route started operations between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattans Financial District and Beach 108th Street in Rockaway Park, with a stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal. The terminal is also served by the South Brooklyn route.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>Brooklyn Army Terminal is also home to a number of tenants specializing across a varied degree of industries. Some tenants include:</p><br>
<p>New York City Police Department Intelligence Division</p><br>
<p>Jomashop.com, online watch and fashion retailer</p><br>
<p>Jacques Torres & Mr Chocolate, chocolatier</p><br>
<p>Uncommon Goods, internet retailer</p><br>
<p>New York City Bioscience Initiative center</p><br>
<p>Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</p><br>
<p>American Museum of Natural History</p><br>
<p>chashama, artist studio program</p><br>
<p>Seatallan is a mountain in the western part of the English Lake District. It is rounded, grassy and fairly unassuming, occupying a large amount of land. However, it is classed as a Marilyn because of the low elevation of the col connecting it to Haycock, its nearest higher neighbour to the north. The name Seatallan is believed to have a Cumbric origin, meaning "Aleyn&#39;s high pasture".</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Seatallan is an outlier of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. Travelling in this direction the principal hills are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. Haycock sends out a long southern ridge terminating in Seatallan.</p><br>
<p>Seatallan begins at the Pots of Ashness, a broad grassy depression to the south of Haycock. From here a stiff ascent up what may have been a landslip leads directly to the summit. The top of the fell resembles a truncated cone, cut off at an angle and sloping away to the south. This cone in turn stands upon a much broader upland plateau which stretches away five miles to the south west. The River Bleng forms the entire western boundary, beginning on the slopes of Haycock and then flowing out in a huge loop to the south west. It finally joins the Irt and continues on to the sea at Ravenglass. The extremity of the Bleng&#39;s circuit, near to Gosforth, is given over to lowland cultivation and although belonging topographically to Seatallan could hardly be termed fellside. Higher up the south western shoulder are conifer plantations, both along the Bleng and above the Irt. Open fellside begins two miles south west of the summit.</p><br>
<p>To the east of Pots of Ashness is the valley of Nether Beck, flowing to Wastwater, with Red Pike beyond. Nether Beck swings away from Seatallan on its southward journey, diverted by the rocky height of Middle Fell. This is Seatallan&#39;s principal satellite, a broad ridge falling from the east of the summit cone. Middle Fell curves around to run parallel to Seatallan with the valley of Greendale Gill dividing the two. The stream begins at Greendale Tarn, nestled into the steep face of Middle Fell. The tarn, around 30 ft deep, sits in a long narrow bowl, looked down on by a collection of huge boulders.</p><br>
<p>Seatallans most prominent feature is Buckbarrow, the 400 ft rampart of crags on the southern edge overlooking lower Greendale and Wast Water. Buckbarrow is given a separate chapter in A. Wainwrights The Western Fells, and is thus classed as a Wainwright, despite having virtually no topographic prominence of its own. That convention is followed here. Above Buckbarrow are the minor tops of Glade How and Cat Bield, leading onto the great south west shoulder. Seatallan has other areas of much less impressive crag above the upper Bleng (Raven Crag) and Nether Beck (Winscale How).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Much of the fell is covered in deep drift deposits, but the underlying rock is generally the plagioclase-phyric dacite lava referred to as Seatallan Dacite. Above the Bleng are large areas of diorite, while around Buckbarrow there are outcrops of the andesite Birker Fell Formation. Minor intrusions of rhyolite and basalt have been located to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>A large tumulus marks the summit, alongside an Ordnance Survey triangulation column. The top is grassed and it is assumed that the tumulus was built from stones on the north slope. The view is heavily obstructed by the main range of the western fells, the highpoints being the Scafells and Coniston Fells. Wastwater can be brought into view by walking north east.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Indirect ascents via Buckbarrow begin from Harrow Head. An alternative bypasses the subsidiary summit to gain Cat Bields from the south west. From Greendale the gill can be followed almost to the tarn, before branching off up the grassy slopes of Seatallan. If preferred Middle Fell can be used as a stepping stone onto Seatallan from the same point. Finally from Nether Beck Bridge the route to Haycock can be used, turning west via Lad Crag Beck to the summit.</p><br>
<p>South Pass City is an unincorporated community in Fremont County, Wyoming, United States. It is located 2 miles south of the intersection of highways 28 and 131. A former station on the Oregon Trail, it became a ghost town after later gold mines were closed. The entire community is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The closest town is Atlantic City, Wyoming. Some people have moved back in.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>South Pass City developed rapidly as a stage and telegraph station on the Oregon Trail during the 1850s. The site of the first settlement in the area was about 9 miles south of present-day South Pass City, at what is today known as Burnt Ranch. Burnt Ranch was located where the Emigrant Trails crossed the Sweetwater River for the last time and ascended toward the South Pass.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, gold was discovered in the vicinity, and a year later prospecting began on what would become the Carissa mine. Prospectors and adventurers quickly arrived and founded South Pass City. Within a year, the communitys population had swelled to about 2,000. One of those who arrived in 1869, was Esther Hobart Morris. In 1870 she became the first woman in the United States to serve as a Justice of the Peace. At her urging in 1869, William H. Bright, a saloon owner and representative to the Wyoming Territorial Constitutional Convention, introduced a womens suffrage clause into the territorial constitution. When the constitution was approved by Territorial Governor John A. Campbell in December 1869, Wyoming became the first jurisdiction in the United States to grant women the right to vote, a right which was not granted women nationally until 1920.</p><br>
<p>Within a decade, the citys population shrank dramatically, as the large gold deposits that had been hoped for failed to materialize. By the mid-1870s South Pass Citys population was reduced to about 100 people. Over the next century the population of South Pass City declined even further. Many of the city&#39;s homes, mercantile stores, hotels and saloons fell into disrepair. A few businesses continued to operate in South Pass City, with the last of the pioneer families finally moving out in 1949.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 20th century, steps were being taken to renew the community, and to develop it as an historic site for destination tourism. The community in the early 21st century consists of two areas: South Pass City, in which a handful of residents live, and South Pass City State Historic Site, which preserves more than 30 historic structures dating from the city&#39;s heyday in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1970, the community was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The town has been extensively documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in drawings and in photographs, by HABS photographer Jack Boucher.</p><br>
<h2>Highways</h2><br>
<p>The road west out of South Pass City intersects with two miles west of town; Wyo. 28 intersects with thirty-five miles north of that intersection.</p><br>
<p>Mount Oeta  is a mountain in Central Greece. A southeastern offshoot of the Pindus range, it is 2,152 m high. Since 1966, the core area of the mountain is a national park, and much of the rest has been declared a protected area under Natura 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>Mount Oeta is located on the boundaries of the prefectures of Phocis in the south and Phthiotis in the north. Its northern side displays a steep and inaccessible terrain as it descends to the valley of the river Spercheios, forming a series of deep gorges—most famous of which is that of the Gorgopotamos river—a few of which boast large waterfalls, including the Kremastos waterfall, considered the highest in Central Greece. To the east, Oeta is defined by the gorge of the Asopos (Ασωπός) river, which forms its boundary with the neighbouring Mount Kallidromo. The southern slopes of Oeta are very gentle, bordering with the mountains Vardousia to the southwest and Giona to the southeast. On its western slope, Oeta is separated from Mount Goulina by the valley of the river Vistriza (Βίστριζα), ancient Inachos (Ίναχος). Oeta has a complex hydrogeology. Limestone and flysch, coupled with a complex geomorphology, combine to create a large network of sinkholes and caverns, giving rise to many springs, small rivers, and seasonal ponds in the main plateaus, chiefly those of Livadies (Λιβαδιές), Amaliolaka (Αμαλιόλακα) and Katavothra (Καταβόθρα). Three major rivers spring forth from the mountain: Gorgopotamos and Asopos from the east, and Vistriza/Inachos from the west, all of which are tributaries of Spercheios. The streams of the southern slope flow into the river Mornos. The mountain&#39;s tallest peak, Pyrgos (Πύργος), has a height of 2,152 m, while the second-tallest is that of Greveno (Γρεβενό) at 2,117 m.</p><br>
<p>A total of 22 settlements are located on Mount Oeta:</p><br>
<p>Argyrochori, Kombotades, Kostalexis, Loutra Ypatis, Mexiates, Sykas, and Ypati to the north</p><br>
<p>Gorgopotamos, Dyo Vouna, and Koumaritsi to the east</p><br>
<p>Oiti, Kastriotissa, Mavrolithari, Pavliani, and Pyra to the south</p><br>
<p>Kapnochori, Kastania, Lychno, Mesochori, Neochori, Peristeri, and Pyrgos to the west</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>In 1966, Mount Oeta became the sixth of Greeces national parks in accordance with Royal Decree 218/1966. With an area of 7,000 hectares, of which 3,370 form the core zone and 3,630 the periphery, the park covers approximately one fourth of the mountains area and is the third largest in Greece. Any human activity that impacts the local environment in whatsoever way is forbidden within the national park&#39;s boundaries. The area of the national park has furthermore been declared a Special Area of Conservation as part of the Natura 2000 Network. The Gorgopotamos Gorge has also been declared a SAC, and together with the national park and the Asopos valley forms the broader "Mount Oeta National Park - Asopos Valley" Special Protected Area. Oeta also has two wildlife refuges, where hunting is forbidden: the Skasmeni Frantzi – Dyo Vouna area on the northeastern slopes, and the Oiti–Pavliani area on the southeastern. The national park and protected areas are overseen by the Management Body of Mt Oiti National Park, established as an agency of the Ministry of the Environment in 2002 (Law 3044/2002).</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Mammals in the park are roe deer, wild boar and hare. Big predators of the region are brown bears, wolves and wildcats. The balkan chamois lives on the mountain and is the symbol of the national park. The alpine newt is one of the amphibiens living in the park and is endangered.</p><br>
<p>The park also hosts a great variety of bird species. Woodpecker species are present on Oiti, such as grey–headed woodpecker, the white–backed woodpecker, the black woodpecker and the syrian woodpecker. Other bird species include the ortolan bunting, the horned lark, the eurasian skylark, the tawny pipit, the alpine accentor, the black redstart, the northern wheatear, the common rock thrush, the black storck and the white–winged snowfinch. As well as a great number of rare predatory birds, for example the golden eagle, the short–toed snake eagle and the peregrine falcon.</p><br>
<p>Fish species of the parks rivers and lakes are sperchios barbel, macedonian chub, sperchios spirlin, Greek trout and probably the endangered marathon minnow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Antiquity</h3><br>
<p>In Greek mythology, Oeta is chiefly celebrated as the scene of Heracles death, and Roman authors even gave the demi-god the epithet Oetaeus. Prepared to die, he ascended Mount Oeta, where he built a funeral pyre, gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and laid himself down on the pile, his head resting on his club, and his lions skin spread over him, and commanded Philoctetes to apply the torch to the pyre. Another version of the story claims that Zeus threw a lightning bolt on the site of Heracles&#39; death, and that from this place sprung forth the Gorgopotamos river. The remains of a 3rd-century BC Doric temple dedicated to Heracles and his funeral pyre (Πυρὰ Ἡρακλέους), as well as an altar and ruins of adjacent buildings, still survive at the entrance of the Katavothra plateau at a height of 1,800 m, near the village of Pavliani. The temple complex remained in use until late Roman times.</p><br>
<p>In historical times, the area of Oeta belonged to southern Thessaly, forming its southernmost district, that of Oetaea (Οἰταῖα).</p><br>
<p>The women of Hypate were associated with witchcraft in Antiquity: the sorceresses Mycale and Agaonice, called the Pharmacidae, inhabited the area. Even in more recent times, the precipice of Anemotrypa near the town was said to be the haunt of the crone Lyousa Armagou.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>Hypate is still mentioned in the 6th century by the historian Procopius of Caesarea, who recorded repairs to its walls by Emperor Justinian I, and in the Synecdemus. The city may have been abandoned after the Slavic invasions of the 7th century, and reappears in the 10th century under the name Neai Patrai ("New Patras") or Patrai Helladikai ("Patras in Hellas"). Until the 13th century, the city is mentioned only as an ecclesiastical center, being a metropolitan bishopric with one (10th century) and eventually twelve (12th century) suffragans.</p><br>
<p>The city played a major role in the latter 13th century, when it was the capital of the independent Greek rulers of Thessaly, John I Doukas, Constantine Doukas and John II Doukas. The Catalan Company seized Neopatras and much of Phthiotis and southern Thessaly in 1319, forming the new Duchy of Neopatras, a vassal of the Duchy of Athens. It was one of the last remaining Catalan possessions in Greece, and fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1394. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the fortress town of Siderokastron was also located on the eastern slopes of Oeta. The Agathonos Monastery, dating at least to the 15th century, lies on the northern slopes of the mountain near Ypati.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>The area played an important role in the Greek Resistance movement against the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. The destruction of the Gorgopotamos viaduct on 25 November 1942 by a joint effort of Greek Resistance forces and British saboteurs is ranked as one of the most spectacular sabotage actions in occupied Europe.</p><br>
<p>Edins Hall Broch  is a 2nd-century broch near Duns in the Borders of Scotland. It is one of very few brochs found in southern Scotland. It is roughly 28 metres in diameter.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In the late 18th century this site was called "Wooden&#39;s Hall or Castle" (Woden the chief god from Anglo-Saxon mythology). Its later name change apparently recalls the legend of the three-headed giant The Red Ettin known in tales and ballads.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Edin&#39;s Hall Broch is one of the most southerly broch survivals, which are more typically associated with Northern Scotland. It is 4 miles north of the town of Duns.</p><br>
<p>The broch stands in the northwest corner an Iron Age hillfort which presumably pre-dates the broch.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>It is assumed that the hillfort dates to the pre-Roman Iron Age. The date of the broch is uncertain but it has been speculated that it was built between the two main periods of Roman occupation in Scotland: some time in the 2nd century AD. Excavations at Torwoodlee Broch, also in the Scottish Borders, has shown that it was built and demolished during this period.</p><br>
<p>Within the hillfort is an array of stone footings marking the positions of houses and other structures. Some of the houses overlie the defences – indicating that they are later than hillfort and may be later than the broch as well.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The broch has an external diameter of 28 metres, and an internal diameter of 17 metres. This is unusually large compared with a typical Highland broch and suggests that it may not have been as tall as the northern brochs. The walls of the broch survive to a height of between 1.0 and 1.8 metres. The entrance passage is on the east side and has two guard chambers flanking the doorway. The interior of the broch has three intramural cells which are all approximately dumb-bell shaped. The cell on the south side has the remains of a stone stairway at its north end which presumably rose to the wallhead.</p><br>
<p>The broch lies within a rectangular enclosure measuring about 58 by 54 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Edin&#39;s Hall was "cleared" by antiquarians in the 19th century. The relics recovered were donated to the National Museum of Scotland. These included a stone spindle whorl, a piece of a jet ring, an amber bead, bones, an oyster shell, and a fragment of a glass bracelet.</p><br>
<p>Two copper ingots, one of which is now in the National Museum, were apparently found with a metal detector inside the broch in 1976. The ingots were derived from local copper mines and may have been an important source of wealth for the inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>An archaeological survey and sample excavation was conducted in 1996. A few artefacts including coarse pottery and a stone spindle whorl were recovered.</p><br>
